DNA Structure
What are the three components of DNA?
phosphate group (gives negative charge)
deoxyribose (sugar)
nitrogenous bases
In what direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides?
In the 5' to 3' direction
Where is transcription occurring?
Nucleus
Where does this occur?
In the cytoplasm at the ribosome
What is the central dogma?
DNA--> RNA --> protein
Which carbon is the phosphate group bound to?
5th carbon
What enzyme synthesizes initial nucleotides on template strand?
Primase
What is the new nitrogenous base used for this process and what is it replacing?
Uracil (U) is replacing Thymine (T)
U pairs with A
What is the "translator" used to complete this process?
tRNA
What two process can affect chromatin structure?
Decondensing (opening) - Histone Acetylase
DNA methylation (closing)
Where is the next nucleotide added on to the DNA molecule?
3rd carbon
What enzymes responsible for catalzying the length of telomeres?
Telomerase
What enzyme is being used to synthesize the RNA strand?
RNA polymerase
What codons are used to begin/end translation?
Start codons: AUG
Stop codons: UAG, UAA, UGA
What is meant by alternative splicing?
Leaving/removing different segments of of mRNA to create different mRNA strands
-# of proteins that can be produced is much greater than the # of genes we have
What is meant by CHargaff's rules?
A=T, C=G
A+T+C+G= 100%
What unique enzyme is used for polymerase chain reactions and why can't human enzymes be used?
Taq Polymerase
Human enzymes would denature- taq polymerase is heat resistant
What does RNA polymerase bind to begin initiation of transcription? AND what is a common one?
Promoter
TATA box
What is the product of translation?
Protein
What are the two mechanisms of how mRNA can be degraded after RNA processing?
RNA stability
RNA interference
What is the term used to describe orientation of DNA strands? Hint: not double helix
Antiparrallel
What process of PCR is occurring at 55 degrees?
Annealing (H bonding)
What is removed/joined to create a mature mRNA molecule?
Introns are removed
Exons are joined
What are used to form the product of translation?
Amino Acids
What kind of tag can be used to signal a protein for degradation and what complex is used to complete this?
Ubiquitin tag
Proteasome complex