Chapter 1 and 4
Chapter 4 cont.
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 9
100

What does all life have in common? 

  • Has genetic material (DNA)
  • Made of cell(s)
  • Uses energy from the environment
  • Can reproduce
  • Can evolve by changes in genetic info
  • All life is similar!
100

How does water pass through a membrane?

  • Osmosis! Through protein channels called aquaporins
100

What's a covalent bond and is it stronger than a hydrogen bond? 

  • Atoms that share electrons
  • Yes, covalent are stronger
100

What are the four important macromolecules?

  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
100

What is the direction of DNA synthesis?

  • 5’ end to the 3’ end 
200

What is evolution?

  • Change in genetic makeup of a population over time
200

How is active transport different than passive transport?

  • Chemicals are moving against their concentration gradients and therefore energy is required 
200

What does it mean if a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Phobic: 

  • It will not dissolve in water
  • “water hating”

Philic: 

  • It will dissolve in water
  • “water loving”
200

What are the characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 

Saturated: 

  • No double bond(s) causing bend(s)
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Tightly packed together

Unsaturated: 

  • Has double bond(s) causing bend(s)
  • Not solid at room temperature
  • Less tightly packed
200

What are the two types of bases? And which bases make them up?

  • Purines (A and G) and pyrimidines (T and C)
300

Does evolution make organisms perfectly suited to their environment?

  • No, environments are constantly changing, and a mutation may be favorable in one sense but also come with negative aspects
  • *review other misconceptions
300

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endo (IN): 

  • When a vesicle brings large particles into the cell
  • Ex) phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Exo (EXIT):

  • When vesicles release large particles from the cell
300

What are exergonic and endergonic reactions?

exer: 

  • A reaction that releases or uses energy

ender: 

  • A reaction that requires energy
300

What are nucleotides made up of?

  • Sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
300

What is the function of DNA?

  • To store genetic information to be used to make proteins and to be passed from generation to generation
400

What is the cell membrane primarily made up of?

  • The phospholipid bilayer, which is made up of two layers that each have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head
400

What do extracellular structures do?

  • Hold cells together
  • Contribute properties to tissue (like cartilage or skin)
  • Help filter what enters and leaves cells
  • Help manage cell orientation and movement during development/tissue repair
400

What occurs during anabolic and catabolic reactions?

ana: 

  • Energy required (endergonic) to form more complex molecules

cata: 

  • Energy released (exergonic) to break down complex molecules
400

What are amino acids made up of?

  • Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, R group
400

What’s a somatic mutation? What about a gremlin mutation?

Somatic:

  • Mutation in body cells
  • Not passed to offspring

Germline

  • Mutation in gamete cell
  • Passed to offspring (heritable)
500

What is simple diffusion?

What about facilitated diffusion, how is it different?

  • Simple: When chemicals move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentrations
  • Facilitated: When polar or charged molecules move through ligand or voltage-gated protein channels or carrier proteins
  • *different bc of protein 
500

What are the three types of junctions/connections between animal cells?

  • Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
500

What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

condensation: 

  • The process where monomers link together to form a polymer because water is removed causing covalent bonds to form between monomers (anabolic) 

Hydrolysis: 

  • The process where polymers breaking apart into monomers because water is added and covalent bonds between monomers are broken (catabolic) 
500

What are the four structures of proteins?

Primary:

  • Amino acid sequence

Secondary:

  • H-bonding between amino acids (helices or sheets)

Tertiary:

  • Bending and arrangement of helices or sheets

Quaternary: 

  • Interacting subunits 
500

What are the types of mutations in terms of amino acid structure? What about in terms of gene expression? 

Amino acid structure: silent, missense, nonsense, and frame-shift

Gene expression: silent, gain of function, loss of function, and conditional


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