photosynthesis
Where does the calvin cycle occur and what does it need in order to drive the reactions?
Stroma; ATP and NADPH from light reactions
What is the net amount of products in Glycolysis?
2 ATP
2NADPH
2 pyruvate
If 2n =4, how many chromosomes and DNA can be found at anaphase?
2n=8
DNA = 8
Within alternation of generations, what organisms display this life cycle? How are haploid and diploids form?
Plants and Algae; meiosis produce haploid and gametes by mitosis
What are the three phases of signal transaction?
Reception
Transduction
Response
What is the end product of the Calvin cycle? What enzyme causes carbon fixation?
G3P; Rubisco
How many steps are found in the Krebs cycle?
What is the first molecule Acetyl CoA is turned into?
8; Citrate
_______ phosphorylate target proteins related to cell division. At which checkpoint are these found?
Cyclin dependent kinases. G2
When does the Synaptonemal Complex occur and how does it occur?
Prophase 1
Homologues physically joined by proteins along their entire length
Receptors that are important in the nervous system and occurs when the ligand binds to a channel which causes it to open or close similar to a gate.
ION channel receptors
In cyclic photophosphorylation, what is not created? Why?
NADPH; we need 18 ATP and only 12 NADPH
What is the only process that occurs without oxygen?
What is pyruvate transformed into during alcoholic fermentation?
glycolysis; ethanol
What is the non-dividing, differentiated state known as? What cells enter this phase?
G0, liver and nerve cells.
What does crossing over result in?
recombinant chromosomes
What are two examples of local signaling in animals? Long distance signaling?
Paracrine and Synaptic; endocrine (hormones.)
How and where is O2 created?
Electrons from H2O, H2O splits, O combines with another O to form O2; light reactions
Where is carbon dioxide produced?
Krebs and pyruvate.
When do chromosomes become visible?
Prophase
Are cells still genetically identical at the end of meiosis 1?
No.
What is the role of protein phosphatases in the phosphorylation cascade?
Remove phosphates from proteins (dephosphorylation)
What plants separate the calvin cycle by locations? What plants separate the calvin cycle by time? Elaborate.
C4 plants; Fix carbon in mesophyll with PEP carboxylase.
CAM: at night, open stomates and fix carbon
day: close stomates and release CO2 to calvin cycle
What are the products after one turn of the krebs cycle?
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
What are the two irreversible points in the cell cycle?
What dominates in zygotic meiosis and in which organisms does this occur?
Haploid; fungi and protists
What are the two secondary messengers and which pathways do they usually participate?
Calcium ions and cyclic AMP; g- protein- coupled receptors and receptor protein kinases