Ch. 6 (The Cell)
Q1: This organelle is the site of photosynthesis.
A1: What is the chloroplast?
Q1: These are located on the outside of the plasma membrane, and act in cell-cell recognition.
A1: What are carbohydrate branches?
Q1: This type of reaction involves breaking down complex molecules to release energy.
A1: What are catabolic reactions?
Q1: The steps of cellular respiration.
Q1: This type of cell junction allows for rapid cell-cell communication.
Q2: This is the gel-like substance consisting of organelles and cytosol.
A1: What is a gap junction?
A2: What is cytoplasm?
Q1: These are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.
Q2: This microfilament lines the inside of the plasma membrane.
A1: What is an integral protein?
A2: What is actin?
Q1: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy in the universe.
Q2: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created nor destroyed. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
A2: What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Q1: The inputs of glycolysis.
Q2: The outputs of glycolysis.
A1: What are glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, and 2 ADP + 2 phosphate groups?
A2: What are 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP (net)?
Q1: This organelle is a site for folding and modifying proteins, and is also involved in packaging proteins for exocytosis.
Q2: This organelle contains digestive enzymes, and is involved in autophagy. When these leak, they cause rheumatoid arthritis.
Q3: Two examples of this are flagella and cilia.
A1: What is the Golgi complex?
A2: What is a lysosome?
A3: What is a microtubule?
Q1: The movement of water across a membrane.
Q2: This type of solution (iso-, hypo-, hyper- tonic) causes plant cells to plasmolyze and animal cells to shrivel.
Q3: This type of solution causes no net movement of water or solutes.
A1: What is osmosis?
A2: What is hypertonic?
A3: What is isotonic?
Q1: This is found by subtracting the starting free energy from the final free energy. (Gf - Gi)
Q2: Reactions with ____(+/-) delta G occur spontaneously.
Q3: Reactions with ____(+/-) delta G require energy input.
A1: What is delta G?
A2: What is negative?
A3: What is positive?
Q1: The ATP produced in glycolysis and the Krebs' cycle arise from this type of phosphorylation.
Q2: When oxygen is not present, respiration proceeds with this step.
Q3: This step of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
A1: What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
A2: What is fermentation?
A3: What is the Krebs' cycle?
Q1: This organelle is made up of the same membrane as the nucleus, and the outside is studded with ribosomes.
Q2: This organelle is a detox center, and lipids are formed here.
Q3: This type of microscope is used to see micrometers.
Q4: Plant cells use these to store water and metabolic wastes.
A1: What is the rough ER?
A2: What is the smooth ER?
A3: What is the light microscope?
A4: What is a central vacuole?
Q1: The Na+/K+ pump is an example of this.
Q2: This type of diffusion is used to transport large, hydrophilic and charged particles.
Q3: This type of diffusion is used to transport small, hydrophobic and nonpolar molecules.
Q4: This type of solution (iso-, hypo-, hyper- tonic) causes plant cells to be turgid, and causes animal cells to lyse.
A1: What is active transport?
A2: What is facilitated diffusion?
A3: What is simple diffusion?
A4: What is hypotonic?
Q1: A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions.
Q2: Enzymes _____ (do/do not) affect delta G.
Q3: These molecules act to decrease enzyme function by changing the 3D conformation of the enzyme.
Q4: Heat is the ultimate form of this.
A1: What is an enzyme?
A2: What is do not?
A3: What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
A4: What is entropy?
Q1: This molecule (after pyruvate) enters the Krebs' cycle, which strips off 2 carbons each as CO2.
Q2: __ ATP is created from the Krebs' cycle (per glucose).
Q3: __ CO2 is released from the Krebs' cycle (per glucose).
Q4: These are electron carriers produced during the Krebs' cycle.
A1: What is acetyl coA?
A2: What is 2?
A3: What is 6?
A4: What are NADH and FADH2?
Q1: This organelle breaks down hydrogen peroxides.
Q2: This intermediate filament is involved in maintaining the shape of the nucleus.
Q3: This junction prevents particles from leaking between cells.
Q4: This organelle begins its life in the nucleolus before finishing formation in the cytoplasm.
Q5: This organelle has its own DNA and is found in both plant and animal cells.
A1: What is a peroxisome?
A2: What is a lamina? (What are lamins?)
A3: What is a gap junction?
A4: What is a ribosome?
A5: What is a mitochondria?
Q1: This form of endocytosis involves the plasma membrane reaching out, surrounding something, and ingesting it.
Q2: This form of endocytosis involves the plasma membrane sucking in on itself to catch whatever particles fall in.
Q3: This form of endocytosis takes in molecules that bind to receptors on the membrane.
Q4: Bulk particles are shipped from the cell using ______.
Q5: All of the above answers are examples of which type of transport?
A1: What is phagocytosis?
A2: What is pinocytosis?
A3: What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A4: What is exocytosis?
A5: What is active transport?
Q1: An example of this is excess ATP turning off the cellular respiration pathway.
Q2: The reactant being acted upon by the enzyme.
Q3: This model explains that the enzyme bends the substrate in order to stretch covalent bonds in the substrate, making the reaction occur faster. The enzyme returns to its original shape after the reaction.
Q4: Too high or too low of these two things can decrease enzyme function
Q5: The enzyme turned off by excess ATP in the cellular respiration pathway.
A1: What is feedback inhibition?
A2: What is a substrate?
A3: What is the induced-fit model?
A4: What are temperature and pH?
A5: What is phosphofructokinase?
Q1: The site of the electron transport chain.
Q2: This enzyme functions like a turbine, allowing protons into the mitochondrial matrix and using the energy to bind together free floating ADPs and free floating phosphate groups.
Q3: The final electron acceptor.
Q4: The number of ATP produced per glucose through cellular respiration.
Q5: The type of phosphorylation involved in the electron transport chain.
A1: What is the inner membrane of mitochondria?
A2: What is ATP synthase?
A3: What is oxygen?
A4: What is 36 ATP?
A5: What is oxidative phosphorylation?