Chapter 8
What is potential energy and kinetic energy?
Potential: stored energy ex. food
Kinetic: energy associated with motion
What process in respiration uses a proton gradient to make ATP?
electron transport chain
ATP - PS II
NADPH - PS I
Which phase of mitosis do two daughter nuclei form?
Telophase
If an organism has 52 chromosomes total, how many chromosomes do the gametes have?
26 chromosomes
*gametes have half the DNA of other cells (somatic cells)
What type of inhibitor binds to a place other than the active site (bind to an allosteric site)?
noncompetitive inhibitor
What type of phosphorylation is used in glycolysis to make ATP?
What provides the electrons for the light reactions?
H2O
What is the narrow region where chromatids attach? what is the protein at that region which microtubules attach and help separation during anaphase?
centromere; kinetochore
Where does crossing over occur?
Prophase I of Meiosis
Photosynthesis and Respiration are catabolic or anabolic?
Photosynthesis - anabolic (endergonic) Positive G
Respiration - catabolic (exergonic) Negative G
Which process uses NADH to regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis?
a. TCA Cycle
b. Respiration
c. Fermentation
Fermentation
What is the main goal of the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle?
Light Reactions - make ATP, O2 and NADPH; ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle - carbon fixation to produce sugars
What signal and checkpoint triggers the cell into starting mitosis?
G2 Checkpoint with MPF (mitosis promoting factor)
MPF is a cyclin-Cdk complex (cyclin attached to cyclin dependent kinase); cycline accumulates during cell cycle and attaches to Cdk (forming MPF) and triggering mitosis
What is the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell at the end of meiosis I?
Haploid; each cell contains one set of chromosomes; each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids
How do uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions differ?
Catalyzed reactions have a lower activation energy
What does the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration turn into?
H2O
Oxygen we breathe in is incorporated into water NOT CO2
What is oxidized in photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
H2O
If a cell does not pass the G1 Checkpoint, what phase of interphase will the cell enter?
G0 the non-dividing phase
- G1 checkpoint signals include platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), density dependent inhibition (stops dividing is too many cells around), and anchorage dependence (some cells require a surface to divide)
What are the four ways to achieve genetic diversity?
1. independent assortment
2. crossing over
3. random fertilization
4. mutations
What is feedback inhibition?
The end product os a series of reactions allosterically binds and inhibits an enzyme in the reaction series to stop the reactions and the production of the end product
Where in the cell does ATP synthase produce ATP during respiration?
ATP via ATP Synthase is produced in the mitochondrial matrix.
- electron transport pumps protons into intermembrane space, ATP synthase takes protons from intermembrane space and pumps them back into matrix where it also produces ATP
Photosynthesis uses an electron transport system (PSII&PSI), what activates it?
Light energy activates the electron transport and makes ATP and stores energy as electrons (NADPH)
What are some similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Similarities: have similar basic events
Differences:
- mitosis (somatic cells) meiosis (gametes)
- mitosis (2n to 2n) Meiosis (2n to n)
- meiosis produces genetically different cells
A cell starting with 16 g/cell, how much DNA is there at the beginning of meiosis I? end of meiosis II?
32 g/cell
8 g/cell