DNA Replication
This enzyme covalently links the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand.
What is DNA ligase?
This is the site where transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription.
What is the promoter?
List the parts involved in initiation of translation.
The small subunit of the ribosome, mRNA, initiator mRNA (methionine), and the large subunit of the ribosome.
This is an example of the control of gene expression in bacteria.
What is the lac-operon?
Name the 5 characteristics of an unchanging population (equilibrium).
1. large population
2. isolation
3. no mutations
4. no selection
5. no random mating
This enzyme prepares the DNA by giving a point where replication can start. It adds a short stretch of RNA to the DNA strand.
What is primase?
This enzyme runs down the double stranded DNA and makes a strand of RNA by reading the bottom strand.
What is RNA polymerase?
Q1: This is the start codon.
Q2: These are the stop codons.
A2: What are UAA, UAG, and UGA?
This is the on/off switch in an operon bound by a repressor.
What is the operator?
A change in lines of descent over time; a change over time in the genetic composition of populations; this change could be in allelic frequencies or in the appearance of a new gene.
What is evolution?
Q1: This type of proteins keeps the DNA single-stranded while replication is occurring.
Q2: This enzyme unwinds the double-stranded helix.
A1: What are single-stranded binding proteins?
A2: What is helicase?
Q1: This type of RNA is the most common in the cell, and is involved with ribosome structure.
Q2: This type of RNA contains introns and exons.
Q3: This type of RNA "changes the system" from codons to amino acids.
A1: What is rRNA?
A2: What is mRNA?
A3: What is tRNA?
This site on the ribosome holds the growing protein chain.
What is the P site?
Q1: RNA processing (splicing) and RNA degradation are examples of this type of control.
Q2: Processing, transportation, and degradation of the protein are examples of this type of control.
A1: What is post-transcriptional control?
A2: What is post-translational control?
Q1: These are spontaneous, random, rare, and almost always harmful.
Q2: This refers to migration of individuals between different populations followed by breeding.
A1: What are mutations?
A2: What is gene flow?
Q1: This enzyme relieves the stress on DNA that occurs during the replication process.
Q2: This enzyme removes damaged pieces of DNA from the strand.
A1: What is topoisomerase? (also accept what is gyrase?)
A2: What is repair endonuclease?
These function in initiation of transcription, transportation of the mRNA out of the nucleus, and they prevent degradation of the mRNA in the cytoplasm.
What is the 5' G cap & poly-A tail?
This site on the ribosome accepts the next tRNA with the new amino acid.
What is the A site?
Packing of the DNA, DNA methylation, and transcription factors are all examples of this type of control over gene expression.
What is transcriptional control?
Q2: Sexual selection is an example of this. Essentially, not all individuals mate.
A1: What is genetic drift?
A2: What is nonrandom mating?
What is telomerase?
List the two characteristics of the codon chart.
The codon chart is universal (all organisms follow this system) and degenerative (an amino acid can be coded by multiple codons).
MUTATIONS!!
Q1: The same amino acid is incorporated into the protein but one base is exchanged for another.
Q2: The change in base results in the appearance of a stop codon -- so the protein ends prematurely.
Q3: One base is exchanged for another, resulting in the wrong amino acid being added to the chain.
Q4: Adding or subtracting a base, which results in a completely different protein.
A1: What is a silent mutation?
A2: What is a nonsense mutation?
A3: What is a missense mutation?
A4: What is a frame-shift mutation?
Explain why skin cells are different than bone cells, even though all cells have the same DNA.
Enhancers are bound by different activators and inhibitors result in different parts of the DNA to be transcribed, then translated into proteins, which create different cells.
Describe the reproductive isolation mechanisms.
Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, morphological isolation, gamete isolation, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and F2 fitness.