Genetic Information Transfer
Which protein does transcription?
DNA polymerase
What indicates a transposable element?
Terminal inverted repeats (TIRs)
What does a promoter do?
Tells DNA polymerase where to initiate transcription
What does the TAS2R38 gene code for?
When do you extract RNA and when do you extract DNA?
RNA: expression
DNA: genotyping or to verify presence of the gene (if the organism is transgenic)
RNA: 1 strand, uracil
What are the 3 types of gene mutations (that we covered)
SNPs, indels, transposable elements
Constitutive is always expressed, conditional needs a specific condition to be met
What do restriction enzymes do?
Cut DNA at specific recognition sites
Can you do PCR with RNA? Why or why not?
How does GIT happen in prokaryotes?
Transcription and translation can happen simultaneously
What types of SNPs are there?
Nonsense, missense nonsynonymous, missense synonymous
What is a transcription factor?
Molecule that binds to a promoter region that inhibits transcription
Which allele is dominant: taster or nontaster?
taster
NO!!! gDNA has introns - bacteria can't splice them. You need the coding sequence (exons) aka cDNA
Which RNAs don't get translated? (bonus) Why?
tRNA and rRNA (they play a role in translation of mRNA)
Why are frameshift mutations bad?
Change the reading frame, and cause every single AA after the frame shift to be altered leading to a terrible protein that won't be able to do what it's supposed to
Why are antibiotic resistance genes normally constitutively expressed?
Bacteria like to not die
How do we distinguish SNPs while still using gel electrophoresis?
Restriction enzymes
Where does each step of GIT occur in a eukaryote cell?
(There are 3 steps I'm looking for)
Transcription: nucleus
Splicing: nucleus
Translation: ribosome
What type of mutation is this? Be specific
ATG-GAA-UAU-GCA-CGT
turns into:
ATG-GAA-UAA-GCA-CGT
Nonsense
When would you want to change the promoter a gene is originally placed under (its native promoter)?
When we want the expressed protein (like bacteria used to make insulin)
Why is it possible to use gDNA and not cDNA for this experiment? Why is it better to use gDNA for this experiment? (You need to answer both for the points)
We aren't looking for expression, so cDNA isn't important here. gDNA is better because we would only see bands if the gene was being actively expressed if we used cDNA, but gDNA is always present
Design an experiment to test if a certain medication affects expression of a target gene.
I will explain this one out loud :) i don't want to type it all out