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What are the types of exoenzymes?
glycohydrolases
nucleases
phospholipases
proteases
What did the study that John Snow preform do?
led to the discovery of the contaminated water pump on Broad street what was responsible for the 1854 cholera London epidemic.
Sebum oil produced by sebaceous glands to seal of pores is an example of?
endogenous
(which can be a physical barrier too)
What includes urine, feces, tears, but also cilia, shedding of skin cells, and mucous?
mechanical innate defense
Where must ALL cases that are of public health importance be reported by physicians?
the NNDSS
What is the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test?
blood cells of the horseshoe crab mixed with the patient's serum
observed chromogenically or by coagulation
Can the government mandate a quarantine?
only if it is one of the diseases on the list provided by the CDC
What are the types of chemical defenses?
body fluids
antimicrobial peptides
plasma protein mediators
cytokines
inflammation eliciting mediators
What are pharmacological studies considered?
experimental
Schistosoma manosoni degrades host antibodies to halt immune defense. What is the antibody?
it secrets proteases to kill antibodies
What makes biofilms good as an adhesion factor?
they have a sticky sugar gel on the outside
How are the groups for the cohort method selected?
DOUBLE: is cross-sectional random?
based on their characteristics
* Yes
What is Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?
mesh of chromatin with AMPs to trap pathogens
What is an analytical study?
DOUBLE: What is retrospective data?
TRIPLE: What is prospective data?
carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak.
* data from past groups
** data from current subjects moving forward
What is saliva an endogenous form of defense?
Saliva contains lactoperoxidase system that catalyzes the activity of hydrogen peroxide
ID 50 means
DOUBLE POINTS: LD 50 means
the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals
* the number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals.
What are reservoirs?
DOUBLE: What is an example of a non-living reservoirs?
TRIPLE: What is an example of a living reservoirs?
where pathogens that persist over a long time can live
* Clostridium spp. in soil
** Viruses and enteric microbes
Function of C-reactive protein.
Coats bacteria (opsonization), preparing them for ingestion by phagocytes
Why can MAC not penetration G+ bacteria?
because the thick peptidoglycan membrane
What is a requirement for a nosocomial infection?
the patient has to be admitted to health-care facility for reason other than the infection.
What are the 3 molecular Koch's postulates?
1. the phenotype (sign or symptom of disease) should be associated only with pathogenic strains of a species.
2. inactivation of the suspected gene(s) associated with pathogenicity should result in a measurable loss of pathogenicity.
3. Reversion of the inactive gene should restore the disease phenotype.
What is mechanical transmission?
DOUBLE POINTS: What is biological transmission?
animal vector (That is not infected) but carries the pathogen from one host to another
* pathogen reproduces in a vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another
What are the things that interferons do to attack cells that are infected?
1. signals neighboring uninfected cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
2. signals neighboring infected cells to undergo apoptosis
3. activates immune system
What is antigenic drift?
DOUBLE POINTS: What is antigenic shift?
result of point mutations causing slight changes in spike proteins (H & N)
* major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment
What are some examples of primary and secondary infections?
HIV lowers immune system and opens doors for yeast and others
rhinoviruses can lead to bacterial pneumonia