Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in which organelle?
Chloroplasts
2 types of receptors and their cellular location
Intracellular - cytoplasm/nucleus
Cell surface - membrane
Final product of mitosis?
A Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, & nitrogenous base
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are need to produce 1 molecule of glucose?
6 turns
During light dependent reactions what is created?
ATP
O2
NADPH
Define a second messenger and provide 2 examples of them.
Small, non-protein molecules that pass on a response from a receptor
I.e - cAMP, Ca2+, IP3
Base pairing rules for DNA & RNA
DNA = A-T & G-C
RNA = A-U & G-C
DNA replication proteins
Gyrase, helicase, single-stranded binding proteins, primase, clamp loader, Beta clamps, DNA poly I, ligase.
What are the 3 stages of the Calvin Cycle in order?
1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration
What are the 3 types of cell-surface receptors?
1) Ligand-gated ion channels
2)Enzyme-linked receptor
3)G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
What are the 3 checkpoints in mitosis and what they are confirming?
G1/S - Commitment to division!
G2/M - DNA replication is okay!
M - Chromosomes lined up on metaphase plate!
Product of the lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
They do not replicate
Can either repair the cell or terminate (apoptosis)
What are the main functions of Photosystem II and Photosystem I?
PS II = excites electrons to produce O2 and drive the creation of the proton gradient
PS I = re-excites electrons to produce NADPH
What are two ways a signal transduction can be initiated?
1)Phosphorylation of protein cascade
2)Activation of second messengers
1) G0 - resting stage
2) G1 - major growth
3) S - DNA replication
4) G2 - minor growth, DNA condensation
What are 3 differences of DNA replication in eukaryotes when compared to prokaryotes?
-Presence of telomeres/telomerase
-Linear chromosome structure
-Replication for is highly complex
-Complex DNA packaging
Two types of DNA repair and examples of each
Specific repair - Photorepair
General repair - Excision repair
Photosystem II > B6-f complex > Photosystem I > NADPH reductase > ATP synthase
What are the 5 types of signaling?
1) Direct contact
2) Paracrine
3)Endocrine
4) Synaptic
5)Autocrine
Provide the order and defining features of the M-phase
1)Prophase - Breakdown of nuclear envelop
2)Pro-metaphase - chromosomes attach to spindle
3)Metaphase - chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
4)Anaphase - sister chromatids separate
5)Telophase - reforming of BOTH nuclear envelops
6)Cytokinesis - splitting of the cells
Name and define functions of 5 enzymes required for DNA replication
Gyrase - Prevents supercoiling/separate strands
Helicase - Unwind DNA
Primase - Adds RNA primers
DNA Poly III - Adds nucleotides on 3' end
DNA Poly I - Replaces RNA primers with DNA
Ligase - Seals nicks in DNA backbone
Protein kinase + ATP + protein = Phosphorylated protein
Phosphatase + phosphorylated protein = protein + phosphate group
-Kinase adds a phosphate group, Phosphatase removes a phosphate group