Sensation & Perception
The membrane on the back of the eye containing sensory receptors
What is the retina?
The type of photoreceptor that works best in dim light and is concentrated in the periphery
What are rods?
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
What is Maintenance Rehearsal?
Conscious memories of facts and experiences are part of this type of long-term memory
What is Explicit Memory?
The deadline for acquiring a skill or ability, including learning to speak
What is a Critical Period?
The process of converting stimuli (physical energy) into electrical signals is called?
What is transduction?
Cues that help us group features or parts into whole objects
What are Gestalt Principles of Grouping?
The type of sensory memory that holds visual information for less than one second
What is Iconic Memory?
The memory system for motor skills and habits, such as driving or typing
What is procedural memory?
Children listen and recognize when specific sound combinations (phonemes) are connected more often than others
What is Statistical Learning?
The theory claiming that we perceive things in terms of opposite/contrasting color pairs
What is Opponent Process Theory
The smallest amount of a stimulus we can detect at least 50% of the time
What is Absolute Threshold?
Combining bits of information into meaningful groups to expand short-term memory capacity
What is Chunking?
The process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory
What is Encoding?
When children focus on only the most obvious feature of an object or situation (happens in the preoperational stage)
What is Centration?
The smallest change in stimulus strength we can detect
What is Just Noticeable Difference?
The process where sensory receptors become less responsive to constant stimuli over time
What is Sensory Adaptation?
Tendency to remember words from the beginning of the list
What is Primacy Effect?
This type of interference occurs when new information makes it harder to recall old information
What is retroactive interference?
The stage children are in when they are no longer tied to personal experiences for understanding and they can conceptualize hypothetical situations
What is the Formal-Operational Stage?
This term describes perceiving objects consistently even when conditions (like lighting or distance) change
What is perceptual constancy?
This is the monocular cue where things further away pass by slower
What is Motion Parallax
Extremely vivid and detailed emotional memories
What are Flashbulb Memories?
The notion that we recall information better in the same place that we learned it
What is Context-Dependent Learning?
Schemes are changed, created, or expanded in response to a new object
What is Accommodation?