Metabolism
Urinary System
Urinary System
Electrolyte Balance
Endocrine System
100
What is glycogenolysis? Is this anabolism or catabolism?
the process that breaks down glycogen to glucose. catabolism
100
What are the functions of the kidney?
regulation of blood ion levels, regulate blood pH, volume, and pressure, produce hormones, excrete metabolic wastes and foreign substances.
100
What are the two types of water reabsorption in the kidney that occur by active or passive processes?
active= transcellular reabsorption (water moves through the cell) passive= paracellular (water moves around/ between cells)
100
What are the ways water can be gained or lost
water can be lost in the feces, sweat, invisible loss (lungs and skin) but most is lost in urine. it can be gained by metabolism, food, but is primarily gained in beverages.
100
What is a paracrine, autocrine, and a "hormone"?
paracrine affects cells that are near, autocrine affects itself, and "hormone" travels through the blood stream to distant targets.
200
What occurs when there is an excess of glycerol, fatty acids, and what do they turn into?
Lipogenesis and they turn into triglycerides.
200
Describe the anatomy of a nephron and the different types of nephrons.
The nephron consists of 2 regions then renal corpuscle (made up of the glomerular capsule and glomerulus) and the renal tubule ( proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs) and the distal convoluted tubule). There are juxtamedullary (loop goes deep in the medulla) and cortical (loop is in superficial medulla) nephrons.
200
What are the three precesses to make urine?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
200
What are sources of hydrogen ions in the body? and how is the concentration controlled.
metabolic end or by products. they are controlled by buffer systems, exhaling CO2, and renal regulation.
200
How is and endocrine different from exocrine?
endocrine secrets hormones to the blood and are ductless exocrine secrets non hormones to the body surfaces or cavities and can have ducts.
300
How are proteins broken down (what is special)? Are they a primary source of energy?
They are broken down by catabolism. An amino group must be removed first (deamination). They are not a primary source of energy they are primarily used for structural components.
300
What is obligatory water reabsorption and how is it different from facultative reabsorption.
obligatory reabsorption is the reabsorption that occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and is where 90% of reabsorption occurs. it is different from facultative in that it is not need based, does not occur in the collecting duct, is not controlled by ADH release, and absorbs more water than in facultative.
300
What is the pathway of blood flow in the kidney?
renal artery, branches, filtration in glomerular capillaries (higher pressure for filtration), arteriole, capillaries, venuoles, renal vein.
300
Describe the main location, function and regulation of sodium, chloride, calcium and potassium ions
All except potassium are mainly extra cellular and potassium is the primary intracellular ion. They are primarily controlled by aldesterone (secrete sodium and chloride) but parathyroid hormone stimulates reabsorption of calcium
300
Compare and contrast endocrine and neural control of the body
nervous- uses nerve impulse and neurotransmitters, the target cells are close to release point and are typically glands, muscle, neurons. it is very rapid time to act, and doesnt last long. endocrine- uses hormones to signal target cells that are far and throughout the body. The time it takes to have an effect varies from seconds to days, and the effects are long lasting.
400
Compare and contrast the types of lipoproteins.
chylomicrons- formed in mucosa of the small intestine, transport exogenous triglycerides to adipose tissue VLDL- trasport endogenous triglycerides formed by hepatocytes to adipose tissue LDL- transport most of cholesterol in the blood HDL- transporte cholesterol to the liver where it is broken down and eliminated
400
What is naturally in urine, and what test can be run to detect issues?
water, ureas, creatine, uric acid, slightly acidic. there are blood urea and nitrogen tests, and plasma creatinine tests. There are also clearance tests that test to see if the kidneys can remove a substance from the blood.
400
What pressure contributes to glomerular filtration, and what controls are there?
hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus (colloid osmotic and hydrostatic pressure of the capsule oppose filtration). There are 2 extrinsic controls (hormonal and neural regulation) and one intrinsic control (auto regulation) in filtration rate.
400
What three buffers are used in the body? How do they work
bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins. They bind to hydrogen when hydrogen concentration is too high.
400
Compare and contrast water and lipid soluble hormones
lipid- steroids, intracellular receptor, can enter cells, transported bound to proteins, see pathway water- almost all are amino acid based, extra cellular hormone receptor (on the plasma membrane), cannot enter the cell, it is freely transported in plasma, see pathway.
500
Compare and contrast the absorptive and post absorptive states
absorptive- during or after a meal, there is more anabolism than catabolism, there is an increase in monomers to be stored, there is more glucose, and the glucose is the primary source of energy, it is regulated by insulin post absorptive- about 4 hrs post meal, there is more catabolism than anabolism, the goal is to keep glucose at a steady state, it is regulated by increase glucagon and decrease insulin
500
How is micturation controlled neurally?
autonomic control of the internal urethral sphincter. (increase stimulation with parasympathetic increase and decrease stimulation with sympathetic increase). somatic control of external urethral sphincter
500
What hormones control of water and solutes secretion and reabsorption and what do they do?
angiotensin II- increases water, sodium and chloride ion reabsorption antidiuretic hormone- increase in permeability of principal cells for increase reabsorption of water atrial naturetic peptide - decrease in water and electrolyte reabsorption (think naturetic sounds like natural uresis like natural to urinate) aldersterone- increased reabsorption of water, sodium, and chloride ion, increase secretion of potassium ion. parathyroid hormone- increase calcium ion reabsorption
500
Describe the influence of the respiratory system and kidneys on regulation hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood.
increased respiratory rate and depth decreases hydrogen ion concentration and increases the pH. Increased rate and increases hydrogen ion concentration and decreases pH. the kidneys can reabsorb or generate bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions. (primarily occurs in the collecting ducts.
500
Compare and contrast the types of hormones base on chemical structure.
steroid- synthesized from cholesterol, gonadal hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, lipid soluble. amino acid based- amines, peptides, ore proteins (ex epinephrine, insulin), most are water soluble.
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