Foundations of Kinesiology
What is the definition of kinesiology
The study of human movement
Name one personal barrier to physical activity.
Lack of time, lack of energy, poor diet, financial constraints, or no access to gym equipment.
What is the standard anatomical position?
Standing upright, facing forward, feet flat with toes forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
What movement decreases the angle of a joint by bringing bones closer together?
Flexion
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206
What type of bone is the femur classified as?
Long Bone
What is the term for the process of forming new bone?
Ossification (osteogenesis)
What does “Mens sana in corpore sano” mean?
“A sound mind in a sound body.”
What are psychological barriers?
Barriers rooted in mindset or attitude (e.g., fear of exertion, self‑consciousness, low motivation, feeling exercise is boring).
What directional term means “toward the midline of the body”?
Medial
Which movement describes bringing a limb toward the midline of the body?
Adduction
Name two elements found in bone tissue.
Calcium and phosphorus (also includes magnesium, zinc, iron, fluorine, chlorine)
Which type of bone protects vital organs such as the brain and heart?
Flat bones (e.g., cranium, sternum, ribs).
Which cells are responsible for bone formation?
Osteoblasts
What is the leading cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
Define physical literacy
The motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and engage in physical activity across a variety of environments.
If your shoulder is compared to your elbow, which directional term applies?
Proximal or Superior
What is the term for the circular movement of a limb that traces a cone shape?
Circumduction
What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?
Protection, movement, structural support, cell growth, and mineral storage
What is a “foramen” in bone anatomy?
A hole that penetrates the outer compact layer of bone.
What condition is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue?
Osteoporosis
Name two societal factors that contribute to rising levels of inactivity.
Urbanization, mechanization of labour, motorized transport, increased sedentary behaviour, processed foods, or increased portion sizes.
How many stages are in the LTAD model?
7
Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?
The sagittal plane
What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot?
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward (medially).
Eversion: Turning the sole outward (laterally).
What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton (80 bones) and the appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
What is the name of the projection located above a condyle?
An epicondyle
List two strategies for preventing osteoporosis.
Consuming calcium and vitamin D, and engaging in weight-bearing exercise
Explain how built environments influence physical activity levels in a population.
Built environments (neighbourhood design, infrastructure, access to green space) can either encourage active transportation (walking, cycling) or promote passive transportation (cars, public transit), thus shaping overall activity levels
Explain how socioeconomic barriers can limit physical activity participation for families.
Lower-income families may struggle with registration fees, equipment costs, and transportation; this often restricts access to recreation programs or organized sport.
What is the general rule between planes of movement and axes of rotation?
The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement
Name the axis and plane involved when performing a cartwheel.
Axis: Antero‑posterior
Plane: Frontal
Explain one role of the vertebral column beyond supporting the head and torso.
It provides attachment sites for ribs and pelvic structures, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord
Distinguish between compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone.
Compact bone: Hard outer layer providing structural integrity and forming the diaphysis.
Cancellous bone: Spongy web-like interior filled with marrow.
Describe the difference between a comminuted fracture and an avulsion fracture
Comminuted fracture: Bone shatters into three or more pieces.
Avulsion fracture: A tendon pulls a piece of bone off