Types of Joints
What are the three main classifications of joints in the human body?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
What type of tissue connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
What are the two major components of the nervous system?
The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What molecule is the body’s immediate source of energy for muscular contraction?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What term describes the state of balance your body is in at rest, where energy demand and supply match easily?
Homeostasis
What is the most common cause of a heart attack?
Sudden narrowing or blockage of a coronary artery, often due to plaque rupture and a resulting blood clot
Which type of joint permits little or no movement and includes the sutures of the cranium?
Fibrous joints
What injury occurs when a ligament is overstretched?
Sprain
Which two protein filaments are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?
Actin and Myosin
What division of the nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement?
The Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Which energy system relies on phosphocreatine and lasts about 10–15 seconds?
The ATP‑PC (alactic anaerobic) system.
What is the difference between oxygen deficit and oxygen debt?
Oxygen deficit occurs at the start of exercise when oxygen demand exceeds supply; oxygen debt occurs after exercise when the body consumes extra oxygen to restore ATP, CP, and remove lactic acid
What condition occurs when plaque buildup hardens and narrows the arteries over time?
Atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease)
What type of joint connects bones with fibrous cartilage and includes the intervertebral discs?
Cartilaginous joints
Which condition results from inflammation of the bursae due to overuse?
Bursitis
What is the name of the theory that explains how muscle fibres “shorten” during contraction?
The sliding filament theory
What is the name of the structure where a motor neuron meets a muscle fibre?
The neuromuscular junction
During anaerobic glycolysis, what substance is produced when oxygen is insufficient, contributing to muscle fatigue?
Lactic acid
During which category of oxygen debt (alactacid or lactacid) is ATP and CP restored, typically in the first 2–3 minutes of recovery?
Alactacid oxygen debt
What are the two major types of strokes?
Ischemic stroke (caused by a clot) and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by a blood vessel leaking or bursting)
A ball‑and‑socket joint is considered what type of joint in terms of movement capability?
A multi‑axial synovial joint
Which tissues are considered static stabilizers, and which are dynamic stabilizers of a joint?
Ligaments are static stabilizers; tendons and muscles are dynamic stabilizers
What ion triggers the interaction of actin and myosin by removing the troponin‑tropomyosin block?
Calcium ions
What sensory receptor detects changes in muscle length and is responsible for the stretch reflex?
Muscle spindles
Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP—36 to 38 per molecule of glucose—and occurs inside the mitochondria?
Aerobic cellular respiration
What is the term for the point during intense exercise at which lactate begins to accumulate rapidly in the blood because aerobic energy can no longer supply the needed ATP?
The anaerobic threshold (blood lactate threshold)
What is a TIA and why is it medically important?
A transient ischemic attack is a brief interruption of blood flow to the brain that causes temporary symptoms and serves as a warning sign for a potential full stroke
Name three specific structures that characterize synovial joints
Articulating cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, bursae, intrinsic ligaments, or extrinsic ligaments
Describe the major difference in recovery time and severity between a first‑degree and a third‑degree sprain/strain
A first‑degree sprain involves slight fibre stretching with minimal swelling and quick recovery; a third‑degree sprain involves a complete tear, may require surgery, and recovery can exceed three months
Name two characteristics that distinguish slow‑twitch fibres from fast‑twitch fibres
Slow‑twitch fibres contract slowly, rely on aerobic metabolism, and are suited for long‑duration/low‑intensity work; fast‑twitch fibres contract quickly, rely on anaerobic metabolism, and are suited for high‑intensity, short‑duration activities
Describe the 5 step sequence of events in the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) tension reflex.
1. The GTO detects excessive tension
2. Afferent (sensory) neurons send the impulse to the CNS.
3. The impulse synapses with motor neurons of the same muscle.
4. Efferent signals instruct the muscle to relax.
5. Relaxation prevents injury from excessive load.
Name the three sub‑pathways involved in cellular respiration in the correct order
Glycolysis → Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) → Electron Transport Chain
Name three physiological responses that occur in the cardiovascular system during exercise to increase oxygen delivery to muscles
Increased stroke volume, increased heart rate/cardiac output, vasodilation of blood vessels supplying muscles
What are the two primary diseases included under COPD, and what is the main cause in 80–90% of cases?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema; the main cause is smoking.