innate immune system
What triggers the first stage of the innate immune system?
a. vasodialtion
b. histamines
c. inflammation
d. neutrophils
c. inflammation
How long does it take for the adaptive immune system to respond
a. 7-8 days
b. 3-4 days
c. 1-2 days
d. 9-10 days
b. 3-4 days
Which of the following is correct regarding the differences between neutrophils and macrophages?
a. macrophages are considered granulocytes while neutrophils are considered agranulocytes
b. macrophages arrive first at the site of inflammation
c. macrophages survive for weeks or longer in the tissues while neutrophils live only a few days
d. macrophages perform phagocytosis while neutrophils dont
c. macrophages survive for weeks or longer in the tissues while neutrophils live only a few days
Why do people avoid Tdap vaccines today?
a. It's a live-attenuated, meaning it's high risk
b. There are few, but popular, cases of encephalitis associated with pertussis vaccination in the last 30 years
c. Concern about exposure to tetanus
d. it's a specific, but dangerous, kind of acellular vaccine
c. Concern about exposure to tetanus
Which type of mucous membrane's barriers to infection include washing of the surface with fluid, high salt, and production of lysozymes
a. urinary tract
b. vaginal tract
c. skin
d. eyes
d. eyes
Which of the following are two forms of defenses in the innate immune system? Select two
a. cellular defenses
b. humoral defenses
c. molecular defenses
d. phagocytic defenses
a. cellular defenses
c. molecular defenses
Which develops first: cellular responses or humoral processes?
a. they develop simultaneously
b. cellular
c. humoral
d. it depends on the severity of inflammation
a. they develop simultaneously
How are T-cells and NK-cells able to kill body cells without causing inflammation?
a. they use antibodies to kill cells rather than phagocytosis
b. they cause a kind of controlled cell death called apoptosis
c. they work in tissues that are already inflamed and so more inflammation will not happen
d. these cells release anti-inflammatory molecules that block inflammation
b. they cause a kind of controlled cell death called apoptosis
Which of the following is a benefit of subunit/acellular vaccines
a. Very effectively stimulates the immune system, creating both memory b and memory t cells
b. has the longest lasting immunological memory
c. do not need adjuvants added to increase immunogenicity
d. safe to give to immunocompromised and pregnant people
d. safe to give to immunocompromised and pregnant people
What happens to microbes when they are bound to antibodies that cause agglutination?
a. they are inactivated but still able to bind to cells
b. they are tagged for destruction by T-cells
c. they clump together into large groups
d. they are destroyed by agglutinating antibodies
c. they clump together into large groups
After infection, cell damage and tissue injury typically heal seamlessly when
a. inflammatory signals remain over a long period of time
b. TH1 cells activate the process of wound healing
c. inflammatory signals quickly disappear
d. activated B-cells are able to produce antibodies in the damaged tissue
c. inflammatory signal quickly disappear
Which of the following statements about antigen presentation is true?
a. only dendritic cells can present antigens to T-cells
b. B-cells present antigens using MHC class 1 molecules
c. T-helper cells present antigens to activated other immune cells
d. dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells can all act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
d. dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells can all act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
How do phagocytic cells destroy phagocytized microbes?
a. they release toxic oxygen from their granules
b. they fuse the phagosome with lysosomes
c. they promotes the binging of antibodies to microbes
d. they present microbes to activated T-cells
b. they fuse the phagosomes with lysosomes
Which of the following is not a property of a live-attenuated vaccine?
a. they have the highest risk for adverse reactions
b. they require frequent boosters to maintain immunity
c. they strongly activate both cellular and humoral immunity
d. they are not safe for immunocompromised/pregnant people
b. they require frequent boosters to maintain immunity
Why are changes to the pertussis vaccination highlighting a new, emerging, public health problem?
a. those who received the new subunit vaccines are having severe allergic reactions
b. the new subunit vaccine is much more likely to revert and case pertussis
c. those who received the inactivated vaccines are developing significant adverse reactions
d. immune memory from the new vaccine is lost over time & many adults may be reservoirs for pertussis
d. immune memory from the new vaccine is lost over time & many adults may be reservoirs for pertussis
When looking at blood work, which leukocyte should you look at to see if there is bacterial or viral infection?
a. eosinophils
b. macrophages
c. neutrophils
d. basophils
c. neutrophils
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?
a. by directly killing them
b. by blocking their ability to bind to host cells
c. by activating cytotoxic T-cells
d. by integrating into pathogen's DNA
b. by blocking their ability to bind to host cells
How do lymphocytes of the immune system recognize antigens?
a. antigens release waste products that attract lymphocytes
b. they have MHC molecules that interaction with displayed antigens on APCs
c. they have a unique receptor that can bind to one or only few kinds of antigens
d. lymphocytes do not recognize antigens; only cells of the innate immune system do that
c. they have a unique receptor that can bind to one or only a few kinds of antigens
Which of the following are components of vaccines? Select all the apply
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. preservatives
d. adjuvants
a. antigen
c. preservatives
d. adjuvants
Which of the following antigens will cause the biggest immune response?
a. proteins
b. lipids
c. penicillin
d. polysaccharids
a. proteins
List the stages of Innate Immune system with descriptions of each stage
1. Vascular Changes: alerts cells of immune system to cell damage by vasodilation. this brings extra nutrients, fluid, and oxygen
2. Leukocyte Recruitment: wbc are attracted to the inflamed area, which then will eat/destroy infecting microbes and dead cells
3. Resolution: depends on inflammation signals
List the stages of the adaptive immune system with descriptions of each stage
1. antigen presentation: dendritic cells, macrophages present antigens to T-cells while B-cells present their own antigens
2. lymphocyte activation: T-cells become activated by interacting with antigens of dendritic cells and macrophages. B-cells become activated by interacting with T-helper cells
3. lymphocyte proliferation: all immune cells proliferate by mitosis during this stage (if activated).
4. lymphocyte differentiation: lymphocytes develop into cells with specialized functions by differentiation. will turn into effector cells and memory cells
List the "missing self" theory for Natural killer cells.
NK cells will typically try to bind to MHC 1 on our own body's cells. If there is an MHC 1, the NK cell will do nothing. If MHC 1 is not present, the NK cell will kill the other cell by apoptosis.
Can be caused by physiological stress
List the theory of vaccination.
Stimulation of immunity to a disease by exposure to comparatively harmless antigens.
Exposure to microbial antigens during vaccination stimulates a primary immune response.
Timothee chalamet has eosinophilic inflammatory disease, what are does this mean?
chronic inflammation where eosinophils are hyper activated in the esophagus. usually tested through blood tests and tissue biopsies.
results in difficult swallowing, esophageal sores, and hypersensitivity.