Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity I
Adaptive Immunity II
Hypersensitivities
Treat/Prevent Disease
100
What are the two main branches of immunity and describe each one.
Innate Immunity (Non Specific Host Defense) and Adaptive Immunity (Specific Host Defense) Innate immunity doesn't depend on prior exposure, and is always present. Adaptive immunity is turned on in response to a pathogen. This is the activation of the immune system. It has memories of encountered pathogens.
100
What is the duality of the immune system? Describe these two systems.
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity. Humoral: Antibody dependent, works on extracellular pathogens. Cell-Mediated: Cell dependent, works on intracellular pathogens.
100
Describe the overall structure of an immunoglobulin.
An immunoglobulin is an antibody. 2 light chains, 2 heavy chains. The chains come together at 2 points to form an antigen combining site, or epitope.
100
What are the two types of hypersensitivities?
Immediate (humoral system dependent) and Delayed (cell-mediated dependent).
100
Common source epidemic vs. propogated epidemic
Common source: Everyone gets sick because they were around the same thing. This is like cholera or food poisoning. Propagated: Spread from person to person.
200
List three of the seven defenses of innate immunity.
Anatomical structures, tissue bactericides, microbial antagonism, complement proteins, inflammation, phagocytosis, killer cells.
200
Where do immune cells originate? What two classes of cells do they then form into?
They originate in the bone marrow. Turn into myeloid precursor cells or lymphoid precursor cells.
200
What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
200
What are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies? What animals are they made from?
They are antibodies created against specific things, such as rheumatoid arthritis. They can be made from humans or mice.
200
How do vaccines prevent disease?
Antigens of the disease are inserted, and the body creates memory cells to help the body fight harder the next time it ever encounters the pathogen.
300
What triggers inflammation and what occurs during inflammation?
Tissue damage triggers inflammation. Phagocytes move to the affected area.
300
300 points: What cells do lymphoid precursor cells turn into? (4) 300 points: What cells do myeloid precursor cells turn into? (4)
1. B cells (Plasma [secrete antibodies], B memory) and T cells (killer T cells, memory T cells) 2. Mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes (which then turn into macrophages).
300
What are the three antibody reactions and what process do they enhance?
Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation. These enhance phagocytosis. It activates the complement system.
300
Which hypersensitivities are humoral and which are cell-mediated?
Types I, II, and III humoral. Type IV is cell-mediated.
300
VACCINE TYPES 100 points: What is an attenuated strain + example. 100 points: What is a killed pathogen + example. 100 points: What is a component vaccine + example.
1. weakened, non-disease causing strain. Polio 2. whole cell is killed by formeldehyde. Bordatella pertussis 3. toxin is heated, turns into toxoid to prevent disease. Diptheria.
400
What cells are involved in the complement system and how do they attack invaders? A lack of what molecule do they look for?
Natural killer cells are involved. They attack by punching holes in infected cells. They look for a lack of MHC 1 molecule.
400
What is an antigen?
Large molecule, made of either polysaccharide or protein. Causes an immune response. React with antibodies.
400
400 points: Describe the process of antibody production. 400 points: What is the role of cytokines?
1. Antigen attatches to B cell's receptors. It is taken inside of the B cell and then presented to T cell via MHC II peptide. The T cell then releases cytokines. 2. Cytokines allow the cells to communicate. They signal each other.
400
400 points: Type II Hypersensitivity. Which antibodies does it use? What is it a reaction to? 400 points: Type IV Hypersensitivity. What are the examples of these reactions?
1. IgG, IgM, complement proteins. Reaction to mismatched blood. 2. Positive tb test, metal allergies, poison ivy.
400
What are the three mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
Drug destruction/modification, efflux pumps, modification of target
500
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the engulfment of bad cells and digestion and lysis. It is done by white blood cells.
500
500 points: Give an example of natural and artificial active immunity. 500 points: Give an example of natural and artificial passive immunity.
1. Natural: Through infection Artificial: Vaccination 2. Natural: Mother to fetus Artificial: Antibodies to patient
500
Describe the line of cells which are antigen-presenting.
Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages.
500
500 points: Type I Hypersensitivity. What are the examples of the reaction? What can it cause? What is it dependent upon? 500 points: Type III. What antibodies is it dependent on? What is the example of reactions?
1. Ragweed and penicillin allergies. Local and systemic anapylaxis. IgE, mast cells, basophils. 2. IgG, IgM, complement proteins. Autoimmune diseases such as Chron's disease, rheumatoid arthritis.
500
Coventional vs. Nonconventional Microbiology The next few, anyone can answer, for 50 points each. Use notes = 5 points. For the following drugs, what does each target? 1. Penicillin 2. Daptomycin 3. Ciprofloxacin 4. Rifampicin 5. Tetracycline 6. Sulfonamide
Conventional microbiology is growing and identifying the pathogen. Nonconventional microbiology uses immunoassays and immunology and DNA identification. 1. Cell wall (penicillin) 2. Cell membrane (daptomycin) 3. DNA gyrase (ciprofloxacin) 4. RNA polymerase (rifampicin) 5. Protein synthesis (tetracycline) 6. Metabolic pathways (sulfonamide)
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