Lymphatic system
what is the route of transport of lymph fluid within the lymph and vascular system?
1. capillaries
2. vessels
3. trunks
4. ducts
5. subclavian vein
small soluble proteins produced by adaptive and innate immune cells to regulate and facilitate immune activity.
They have a short half life
Cytokines
Immune cells that present to both helper and cytotoxic T cells
examples: dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes function
Requires attachment of antigen to MHC
Antigen presenting cells (APC's)
The bronchioles leads to ______ bronchioles, which is the last part of conducting zone
Terminal
located between visceral and parietal serous membranes
Pleural cavity
which lymphatic duct draining site is the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right side of thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Define characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate: defenses we are born with, immediate response, non specific responses to a wide array of harmful substances. Non specific responses such as fever, inflammation, interferon complement, macrophages and Nk cells. skin/mucosal membranes function to prevent entry.
Adaptive: acquired immunity, delayed response to specific antigens. B lymphocytes via humoral immunity (effective outside the cell) with plasma cells. T lymphocytes via cell mediated immunity (effective within the cell) with cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes.
Epiglottis
Which alveolar type is the most common and makes up 95% of the alveolar surface area.
form alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane
Alveolar type 1 cell
(aka squamous alveolar cell)
The diaphragm contracts and increases the length of the thoracic cavity during?
Inspiration
Lymphatic structures that house lymphocytes and other immune cells but does not form them
secondary lymphatic structures
What are the three stages of innate immunity fever (non specific response)?
Onset: temperature begins to rise
Stadium: time period where temp elevation is maintained, increased metabolic rate to eliminate harmful substances. Zinc and iron is binded by the liver and spleen to prevent microbial reproduction
Defervescence: Time when temp returns to normal. Pyrogens no longer stimulate the hypothalamus. Body releases heat via vasodilation and sweating.
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
What are the two types of circulation in the lungs
pulmonary circulation
bronchial circulation
When there is an increase in volume in the thoracic cavity, Boyles law state's that pressure wil?
decrease
What is the function of red pulp and white pulp in the spleen?
red pulp: phagocytize bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes and platelets
white pulp: monitors blood for foreign materials and bacteria
1. "help" in cell mediated immunity and antibody immunity by enhancing innate immunity. Contain CD4 co receptors
2. Release chemicals that are toxic to cells, causing their death. Contain CD8 co receptor
1. Helper T lymphocytes (CD4 cells)
2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells)
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide to ________ ________ and then lead to ______ _________.
Alveolar ducts
Alevolar sacs
If intrapulmonary pressure decreases below intrapleural pressure, what will happen?
The lungs will collapse
1.receptors that monitor changes in blood and CSF chemistry such as H+, PCO2, and PO2 levels
2.which ones monitor CSF pH changes?
3. which ones are located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch and monitor changes of CO2, O2, and H+ in the blood?
1.chemoreceptors
2. central chemoreceptors
3. Peripheral chemoreceptors
Determine if the structure is primary or secondary and its function.
Red bone marrow:
Thymus:
Lymph nodes:
Spleen:
Tonsils:
Lymphatic nodules:
MALT:
Red bone marrow: primary, formation of all formed elements, site of b cell maturation
Thymus: primary, site of T cell maturation and differentiation
Lymph nodes: secondary, filter lymph and where immune response is initiated in the lymph
Spleen: secondary, filter blood, where immune response is initiated in blood removes old RBC's and platelets and is a storage site for RBC's and platelets.
Tonsils: secondary, protect against ingested and inhaled material
Lymphatic nodules: secondary, protect body organs
MALT: secondary, protects mucosal mebranes
Which is MHC class is being described?
CD8 interacts with this class
There is a pathway of formation varying on if the cell is healthy or unhealthy
MHC class 1
What are the three types of pressures?
1. intrapulmonary pressure
2. atmospheric pressure (760mmHG)
3. Intrapleural pressure
What muscles are used during forced inspiration? what happens during this?
Sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
serratus
pectoralis minor
erector spinae
increased volume in the thoracic cavity and increased elevation of the ribs.
resistance is altered by by changes in?
1. elasticity
2. bronchiole diameter
3. alveoli function