viruses
How do microbiologists describe viruses in three words
obligate intracellular parasites
1. Which of the following statements is true about the advantages of asexual reproduction?
a. It increases genetic diversity in the population.
b. It results in dormant, resistant forms that can survive outside of the body.
c. It is faster and requires less energy.
d. Cells must find mates of the opposite type to reproduce.
c. it is faster and requires less energy
Would H. influenzae be considered a generalists, specialist, or fastidious microbe?
fastidious
Write the complementary RNA base pairing to the DNA belows:
ATT AGG GCG ATA CCC GAT
UAA UCC CGC UAU GGG CUA
Fill in the blanks regarding how mutations alter a genome
mutated DNA --> ________ --> ________ --> altered function
mutated mRNA , altered protein
A scientist has a sample of of rhinovirus under a microscope. Due to their capsid, what shape will the virus appear as?
geometric shapes
Using the formula of exponential growth, solve the following.
A patient was recently diagnosed with Streptococcus Pneumoniae. There are initially 500 bacteria and it takes the cells 4 hours to double. After 3 generations, what is the bacteria count?
4,000
A diabetic patient presents with a Staphylocossus aureus skin infection. The infection developed after prolonged exposure to swat under tight bandages.
Is this an example of halotolerant or non-halophile
halotolerant
Translate the following RNA sequence into codons:
AUC-CUU-UUA-AUG-CAA-GGG-AGA-UAA-GCU-CGA
MET-GIN-GLY-ARG-STOP
What type of mutation is this?
Original DNA: TTT || New DNA : TGT
Original RNA: AAA || New RNA: ACA
Original Codon: Lys. || New Codon: Thr.
missense
List all 6 steps of viral replication
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. replication
5. assembly
6. release
Which statement about prokaryotes and eukaryotes in CORRECT about their reproduction?
a. Sexual reproduction of prokaryotes usually results in the formation of a dormant/resistant structure.
b. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can reproduce sexually.
c. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can reproduce asexually.
d. Only prokaryotes can reproduce sexually.
c. both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can reproduce asexually
Staphylococcus aureus (“Staph”) is a bacterium that grows best in the skin and other environments with high amounts of oxygen but can grow in the digestive tract and deep tissues where oxygen is lower. Which of the following best describes Staphylococcus aureus?
a. Aerotolerant
b. Obligate anaerobe
c. Obligate aerobe
d. Facultative anaerobe
d. facultative anaerobe
What are plasmids?
a. Plasmids are sections of the linear genome in eukarotes that determine the size of the organism.
b. Plasmids are circular pieces of extra chromosomal DNA that cover extra traits to prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells.
c. Plasmids are linear stretches of DNA found in the cells of most vertebrates.
d. Plasmids are circular stretches of single stranded DNA found in nucleosome of prokaryotes.
b. plasmids are circular pieces of extra chromosomal DNA that cover extra traits to prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells
Which type of viral mode of infection requires the formation of an episome inside of a host cell?
a. Acute non-persistent
b. Latent persistent
c. Chronic persistent
d. Chronic non-persistent
b. latent persistent
How is the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) able to cause cancer?
a. HPV carries an enzyme that destroys the genome of the epithelial cell it infects.
b. HPV carries oncogenes that cause epithelial cells to lose control of the process of cell division.
c. HPV is not a cause of concern as it does not cause cancer.
d. HPV only causes acute nonpersistent infections.
b. HPV carries oncogenes that cause epithelial cells to lose control of the process of cell division
Pleconaril is an anti-viral drug that can block the ability of a virus to remove its capsid proteins. Which step of the viral replication process is interrupted by pleconaril?
a. Uncoating
b. Attachment
c. Assembly
d. Penetration
a. uncoating
The surface of the vaginal tract has a low pH (~4-4.5). Which type of microbes would you most likely expect to find growing there?
a. neutrophiles
b. acidophiles
c. thermophiles
d. halotolerant
b. acidophile
RNA viruses sometimes carry their own RNA polymerase enzyme. How is this polymerase enzyme different from the vertebrate RNA polymerase?
a. RNA polymerase carried by some RNA viruses transcribes DNA into mRNA.
b. There is no difference between vertebrate and viral RNA polymerases.
c. RNA polymerase carried by some RNA viruses translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (i.e. a protein).
d. RNA polymerase carried by some RNA viruses transcribes RNA into mRNA.
d. RNA polymerase carried by some RNA viruses carried by some RNA viruses transcribes RNA into mRNA
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE: PC190723 is an experimental antibiotic that is able to block the function of a protein required for cytokinesis in bacteria. Which stage of the cell division process does this drug block?
a. Cell splitting
b. Growth
c. translation of mRNA
d. DNA replication
a. cell splitting
In stage 6 of viral replication, one possibility for new viruses to leave the cell is through budding.
What does this process look like, what type of virus uses it, and why do they use it?
enveloped
virus pushes through the membrane and takes a piece of membrane with it, destroying the cell's plasma membrane.
phospholipid serves as the new envelope for virus
How does the process of asexual reproduction differ between bacteria and most types of eukaryotic organisms?
a. Cell growth occurs only in eukaryotic micro-organisms and not in bacteria.
b. Only bacteria go through the process of cytokinesis.
c. Bacteria do not copy their chromosomes prior to splitting (cytokinesis).
d. Cell splitting in bacteria requires both cytokinesis and synthesis of new cell wall material.
d. cell splitting in bacteria requires both cytokinesis and synthesis of new cell wall material
A patient with chronic acid reflux develops a Helicobacteria pylori infection, leading to stomach ulcers
Based on the environment, which of the two pH groups does this bacteria fall into?
acidophiles
Pedro Pascal was diagnosed with a bacterial infection and the doctor gives him an antibiotic that targets the bacterial DNA replication, specifically the activity of DNA gyrase.
How would blocking gyrase impact DNA replication, and why is this an effective way to stop bacterial growth ?
The implementation would block supercoiling of DNA, leading to tangled DNA. This then prevents the bacteria from dividing.
Timothee Chalamet has recently developed HPV (legally not true, just example) and he is terrified that he will develop HPV-related cancer.
Explain to Timothee his chances of getting cancer.
Cancer only forms from a small number of latent infections.
Latent infections are around ~5-10% of HPV infections
Therefore, his chances are very low of getting cancers.