All Functions, No Structures
Yesterday's Lecture Core
I Learned Bio 1 through Osmosis
Animals vs Plants vs Prokaryotes
Proteins 'R Us
100
What structure contains the genetic code of life and is transcribed and translated into protein?
DNA
100
Describe the difference between phagocytosis an pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis is ingesting particulates or organisms. Pinocytosis is cell ingesting liquids.
100
What types of particles are able to easily diffuse through a cell membrane?
Small, non-polar molecules
100
Name a shared structure between animals, plants, and prokaryotes
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
100
Name the levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
200
What part of the cell functions to give the cell shape and position organelles to move?
cytoskeleton
200
What does Gibb's Free Energy represent? and what is its symbol?
Gibbs free energy represents the energy available to do work (ΔG)
200
What is the name of the vessels that water uses to be transported into the cell?
aquaporins
200
What is the area of genetic material that prokaryotes possess called?
nucleiod
200
What protein structure involves multiple protein subunits coming together?
Quaternary
300
John studies a specific type of cell that absorbs sunlights and uses that energy to make its own food. John assumes that all cell have this property, finds another cell, and gets very upset when it doesn't respond to sunlight. What aspect of John's first cell is missing in the other?
chloroplast
300
Consider the reaction A --> B + C. Is this reaction endergonic or exergonic? Catabolic or anabolic Why?
Exergonic & Catabolic --> breaking down a complex molecule into simple one, releasing energy
300
What will happen to a vessel with lower solute concentration if it is placed into a solution of higher solute concentration?
The vessel will shrink, or lyse
300
Describe an organelle that is present in plant cells but not animals cells and vice versa. How does that organelle function in its respective cell?
lysosomes -> break down materials, recycle defective organelles, full of digestive enzymes
central vacuole -> storage unit for fluids
300
What is the name of a transmembrane protein that helps certain substances or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane?
transport proteins
400
A cell is experiencing a build up of intracellular waste? Scientists examine the cell and determine that the cell is missing a particular organelle. What organelle is this cell missing?
lysosomes
400
What is the sign of the ΔG for this diagram? Describe the energy of the reactants and products.
ΔG is positive, and the reactants have less energy than the reactants.
400
A gummy bear is placed into a solution of unknown concentration. After 1 hour, the gummy bear has doubled in size. What would the concentration of the unknown solution be and how did that affect the gummy bear?
Lower than the concentration of solute in the gummy bear → hyposmotic/hypotonic solution
400
How do plant and animal cells differ in terms of their extracellular matrix?
Animal cells are held together by desmosomes, tight & gap junctions. Plants cells have plasmodesmata
400
Define the term denaturation and describe THREE WAYS a protein can become denatured
Denaturation is the process by which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds, becoming inactive. A protein can be denatured by changes in pH, mechanically, changes in temperature, etc.
500
A person who has spent the last 20 years with a drug and alcohol addition is experiencing decreased liver function. Their liver cells are unable to detoxify the drugs at a consistent rate due to a specific organelle slowly losing its function. What is this organelle?
smooth ER
500
If glucose is oxidized, describe the change in energy from products to reactants in terms of its ΔG, whether or not this was spontaneous or non-spontaneous, endergonic or exergonic?
Oxidation refers to the process of losing an electron (releasing energy). If glucose is oxidized, ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous, and exergonic.
500
If an apple slice, with a water concentration of 1M, is placed in a 3M solution of sucrose, describe the relationship between the solute concentration in the apple and the solution in terms of osmolarity? How will the water molecules move to maintain equilibrium?
The solution is hypertonic, and water molecules will move out of the apple slice into the solution to maintain equilibrium
500
What structural differences do mitochondria and chloroplasts possess that support the theory of endosymbiosis?
Folded membranes, possess their own ribosomes, and have their own DNA
500
How does the protein clathrin function in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Clathrin is located underneath the receptors that bind specific molecules. The receptors clump together around the membrane to form a vesicle, which is coated with clathrin.