The Circulatory System
Physical Anatomy of the Heart
Blood Vessels
Lymphatic System
Misc
100
During the ____________phase of the cardiac cycle, the atria repolarize and relax; meanwhile the ventricles depolarize and begin to contract.
Isovolumetric Contraction
100
What is the flow of blood through the heart?
Sup./Inf. Vena Cava-R. Atrium-Tricuspid Valve-R. ventricle-Pulmonic valve-pulmonary artery-Lungs-pulmonary vein- L. atrium-Bicuspid(mitral) valve- L. ventricle- Aortic Valve- Aorta- Body
100
The aorta, carotid, and iliac arteries are examples of what type of arteries?
Conducting arteries
100
1. What is the first line of defense? 2. What is the second line of defense?
1. Skin and mucous membranes 2. Leukocytes/Macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, fever, and inflammation
100
What are some chemical barriers that protect the body?
Fatty acids, low pH, enzymes (pepsin) pulmonary surfactant, enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozymes
200
Florence is a 92 year old with a history of heart disease and pneumonia; she comes into the clinic with abnormal lungs sounds and wheezing. What is causing this?
Left sided heart failure
200
What are the strings that prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out?
Chordae tendinae
200
1. Arteries are sometimes known as what type of vessels? Why? 2. Veins are known as what type of vessels? Why?
1. Resistance vessels because of their structure and ability to create and withstand resistance (high pressure of blood moving through) 2. Capacitance; they have the ability to hold large volumes of blood!
200
The complement system is one of the antimicrobial proteins. It has three different pathways, what are they?
Classical, alternate, and lectin
200
What are the irregular capillaries called? Where would you find them? Why would we need them in these places?
Sinusoid; liver, bone marrow, spleen; very wide pores, lets through WBCs, RBCs, and proteins (along with all the other small molecules)
300
What is the pacemaker of the heart? What is its normal bpm?
SA node ; 60-70 bpm (can go up to 100 to be “normal”)
300
How does the myocardium receive its nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste? What happens if it is blocked?
Coronary circulation. Myocardial infarction; heart attack; death of heart muscle; possibly death of person if severe enough
300
1. What are continuous capillaries? Where would you find them? 2.What are fenestrated capillaries? What makes them “fenestrated”? Where would you find these?
1. Least leaky, continuous tubes joined by tight junctions, Let glucose out, but not RBCs or proteins; skeletal muscles/BBB 2. Fenestrate=filtration pores, medium pores, let through glucose, ions, water; found in kidney
300
Is humoral immunity direct or indirect? How is does it work?
Indirect, B-cells produce antibodies that bind and tag antigens for destruction by other means.
300
What are some mechanical barriers to protect the body?
Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, longitudinal flow of air or fluid, movement of mucus by cilia, tears, nasal cilia
400
How do you find Stroke Volume?
EDV-ESV=SV (EDV-SV=ESV; ESV+SV=EDV)
400
What causes hearts murmurs?
Valvular insufficiency, ex. Rheumatic fever damages valves, can cause backflow/valvular insufficiency
400
What are the three variables that influence resistance to blood flow are?
Vessel radius (can change the easiest via vasoconstriction or vasodilation), blood viscosity (blood thickness), vessel length (longer the vessel = pressure and resistance decrease)
400
What would result if your body made cytotoxic T cells against your pancreatic beta cells?
Lack of insulin production/ Diabetes type 1
400
1. What is End diastolic volume (EDV)? 2. What is End systolic volume (ESV)?
1. Amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction 2. Amount of blood left in the ventricle after contraction
500
1. When does S2 (second heart sound occur/ what causes it?) 2. When does S1 (first heart sound) occur/ what causes it?
1. When the semilunar valves snap shut; the turbulence of the blood “splashing” up against the closed valves 2. When AV valves snap shut; the turbulence of the blood “splashing” up against the closed valves
500
Why is the left ventricle stronger than the right ventricle?
Because the left side has to go against gravity to pump blood out and it needs more force to pump blood out.
500
What are pre-capillary sphincters and what do they do?
Little muscles in capillaries that help shunt blood to other parts of the body during certain times; regulated by SNS
500
What does interferon do?
A protein secreted by a cell that has become infected with a virus, alert nearby cells so than protect themselves from being infected. Also activate Natural Killer cell (NK cells) and macrophages which destroy infected cells before replication can occur.
500
What is the backup pacemaker and how many beats per minute does it give off?
AV node; approx. 40 bpm
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