Neuro
Label the four lobes of the brain AND briefly describe the primary functions
frontal: decision-making/planning
Parietal: sensory processing (sensation, touch)
Occipital: visual processing
Temporal: auditory processing
Which sleep stage is largely associated with dreamining?
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
What did Harlow's surrogate mother study conducted with monkeys reveal about attachment?
attachments are largely driven by contact comfort
describe the overarching effect of:1) stimulants,2) ,depressants3) hallucinogens
1) excite neural activity & speed up bodily functions
2) calm neural activity & slow bodily functions
3) hallucinogens: distort perceptions & evoke sensory experiences
Researchers want to test whether study mood affects test scores. what are the independent and dependent variables?
IV: study mood; DV: test scores
Nick can produce fluent speech but it is completely incoherent and meaningless. Which part of his brain is likely damaged?
Wernicke's area (Temporal lobe)
What does the stroop effect demonstrate?
that some behaviors occur automatically without conscious thought, while others require conscious effort
Monica sees her brother take an extra cookie while their dad is out of the room. When their dad returns, Monica is surprised that he doesn’t know her brother took the cookie, even though he did not see it happen. Monica has not yet developed __________, which typically emerges during Piaget’s __________ stage.
theory of mind; preoperational
how is the endocrine system different than the nervous system
uses hormones rather than neurotransmitters; slower vs fast; more widespread longer lasting effects vs. specific shorter lasting effects
What type of long-term memory (explicit or implicit) is semantic memory AND what is an example of semantic memory?
explicit; george washinton was our first president
Describe the function of the following brain stuctures:1)Amydala,2)Hypothalamus,3)Thalamus
fear and aggression
bodily regulation (thermostat)
sensory relay station
Give a real world example of bottom up and real world example of top down attention.
automatically looking at a bright yellow car speeding by; searching for the license plate of your uber
How could you test if a child has developed object permanence AND what Piagetian stage of development does object permanence usually emerge in?
hide a toy with a blanket and if they look for the toy under the blanket it suggests they understands that objects can continue to exist even when out of sight; sensorimotor
If we are a pharmaceutical company that needs to develop a drug to decrease dopamine levels in the brain. What type of drug do we need to develop?
antagonist
Who was the scientist that conducted the bobo doll experiment and showed that aggressive behavior could be acquired by children via observational learning and witnessing others doing violent behaviors.
Albert Bandura
What is the charge inside a resting neuron compared with the outside, and what happens to this charge during depolarization?
At rest, the inside is more negative than the outside. During depolarization, the inside becomes less negative/more positive and once it crosses a threshold it fires an action potential
what does repeated heavy cocaine use do to stress pathways in the brain
it makes them MORE sensitive to stress
Give an example of assimilation and one of accommodation
Assimilation: A child who has never seen a dog before, seeing a dog and thinking it is a cat because it largely fit with their schema of cat; Accommodation: changing the schema of cat to be more specific once the child learns that cats meow and dogs bark
What are the two pharmacological effects of substance use disorders. Name them and briefly define each.
1) give an example of a positive punishment and 2) of a negative reinforcer
1) spankings to discourage a child from a bad behavior, 2) reducing chore list when child does something good to encourage that behavior
Draw and briefly explain all of the subdivisions of the human nervous system
CNS (brain & spinal cord "the boss) vs PNS (brings info in and out of CNS)
PNS> somatic (voluntary movement of skeletal muscles) and autonomic (involuntary physiological processes)
Autonomic> sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (rest & digest)
what are the four major categories of criteria for diagnosing a substance use disorder
a) Impaired control
b) Social impairment
c) Risky use
d)Pharmacological
Imagine you accidentally damage something expensive at a store, but no one sees you do it. You could leave without anyone knowing or tell an employee what happened. For each of Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning, briefly define the level and explain how someone at that level might reason about what to do.
Preconventional morality: Decisions are based on personal consequences, rewards, or punishment.
Example: “I’ll tell the employee because I might get caught and get in trouble or have to pay for it.”
Conventional morality: Decisions are based on following rules and gaining social approval.
Example: “I’ll tell the employee because stealing or leaving without taking responsibility is against the rules, and an honest person should admit what happened.”
Postconventional morality: Decisions are based on personal ethical principles and broader ideas about what is right or just.
Example: “Even if I won’t get caught, I should tell the employee because taking responsibility for harm I caused is the fair and ethical thing to do.
A person experiences intense pleasure after using a drug, making them more likely to use it again. Identify the type of reinforcement (positive/negative) occurring and explain your answer.
Positive reinforcement because a pleasurable consequence is added after the behavior, increasing future use.
A student witnesses someone steal a laptop from a classroom. Later, another student mistakenly tells her that the thief was carrying a black backpack. When questioned, she remembers seeing the thief with a black backpack, even though there was no backpack. This is an example of what type of memory error?
The misinformation effect