Energy Metabolism
What is the term that represents the volume of CO2 produced divided by the volume of O2 consumed during respiration?
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
What is the term for an athletic strategy where an individual exercises with depleted carbohydrate stores to encourage the body to adapt and burn more fat?
Training Low
What term describes the exercise intensity level (typically between 50% and 65% of VO2max) at which the body's primary source of fuel shifts from stored fats to carbohydrates?
Crossover Point
What type of protein is best for a pre-bed snack to prevent overnight muscle protein breakdown?
Casein Protein
High dietary protein intake supports bone mineral density primarily by increasing the intestinal absorption of what mineral?
Calcium
An athlete exercising at a steady state with an RER of 0.85 is obtaining approximately what percentage of their energy from fat oxidation?
50%
What is the name of the metabolic loop that safely processes muscle-burning lactate by transporting it to the liver to be converted back into usable glucose?
Cori cycle
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for dietary fat in adult populations?
20-35%
What subgroup of essential amino acids can be used directly by skeletal muscle tissue for energy?
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine)
What demographic of athletes exhibits the highest statistical prevalence of iron deficiency anemia due to foot-strike hemolysis, menses, and sweat losses?
Female distance runners
The three clinical components that define the Female Athlete Triad are Low Energy Availability, Menstrual Dysfunction, and what?
Low Bone Mineral Density
During the first 15–30 minutes of high-intensity aerobic exercise, the majority of carbohydrate-derived ATP comes from what substrate storage pool?
Muscle Glycogen
Following intestinal digestion, long-chain fatty acids are re-esterified inside enterocytes and packaged into what large lipoproteins to enter the lymphatic lacteals?
Chylomicrons
What age-related physiological phenomenon causes older adults and master athletes to require higher per-meal doses of leucine (~4 g) to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates equivalent to younger adults?
Anabolic Resistance
What is the term for the process where independent organizations like NSF International or Informed Choice verify a supplement's label accuracy and absence of banned substances?
Third-Party Testing/Certification
Which cellular system acts like a "bucket brigade" to transfer mitochondrial ATP to muscle contraction sites during short rest intervals?
Creatine Shuttle
Unlike Glycemic Index, which standardizes test portions to 50 grams of available carbohydrate, what metric accounts for real-world serving sizes?
Glycemic Load
Supplementation with what specific omega-3 fatty acid has been shown to support neuroprotection and mitigate concussion severity in collision sports?
DHA
Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Which water-soluble vitamin has the highest storage capacity in the body?
B12
A male runner has a fat-free mass of 50 kg, consumes 2,000 kcal/day, and burns 800 kcal/day in training. What is his Energy Availability in kcal/kg FFM/day?
(2,000 kcal - 800 kcal) / 50 kg =
24 kcal/kg FFM/day
Low Energy Availability (<30 kcal/kg FFM/day)
What apical intestinal transporter uses active sodium-dependent transport to absorb glucose and galactose into enterocytes?
SGLT1
A 50 kg athlete consuming 3,000 kcal/day with 50% carbs and 20% protein consumes what amount of dietary fat in g/kg body weight?
2 g/kg body weight
Unlike PDCAAS, what protein quality metric measures true ileal amino acid digestibility and does not cap scores at 1.00 (100%)?
DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score)
Which specific form of anemia is triggered by low levels of folate or vitamin B12?
Megaloblastic Anemia