Ventilatory
What parts of the brain are responsible for ventilation?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata, Respiratory Center
What are the components of the blood?
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Plasma
Initiates electrical impulses to stimulate contraction
Sinoatrial Node or SA node
Define Cardiovascular Drift
A phenomenon that occurs when there's an increase in heart rate during a constant state of exercise with no increase in intensity
What is the function of the Atrioventricular node (AV node)?
Delivers an electrical impulse to allow the ventricles to contract after a 0.1 second delay
What is the role of the chemoreceptors?
Chemoreceptors are neurons that detect the low pH levels or high levels of carbon dioxide within the bloodstream
It sends signals through the central nervous system to the pons and the medulla oblongata to breath faster so the body gets rid of the carbon in the blood.
State the difference between arteries and veins
Arteries are blood vessels responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood low in oxygen from the body back to the heart.
What part of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for increasing the Heart Rate?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Compare the stroke volume between Untrained and Trained athletes
Greater stroke volume in trained athletes compared to the untrained average person
Trained athletes are increasing their heart rate on a regular basis, and will have a stronger heart that allows for a more efficient and stronger contraction to pump blood out compared to an average person
What is the role of the hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is a protein that collects oxygen in respiratory organs, mainly in the lungs, and releases it in tissues in order to generate the energy necessary for cell survival.
What are the functions of the conducting airways?
Low resistance pathway for airflow
Defence against chemicals and other harmful substances
Air is warmed and moistened
Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right side of the heart?
The right side only will supply blood from the lungs
The left side will supply blood to the rest of the body. so the muscles have to be bigger
This string of myelinated nerve fiber allows the right and left atrium to depolarize and contract at the same time.
Bachmann's Bundle
Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic measures the blood pressure on the arterial walls during the contraction of the ventricles
Diastolic measures the blood pressure on the arterial walls during the relaxation of the ventricles
Differentiate sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates body's fight or flight response. Increases heart rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates rest and digest response. Slows down the heart rate.
Explain the process of gas exchange
Alveoli in the lungs are filled with oxygen when you inhale
High concentration of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, and low concentration in the alveoli, carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli
High concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, and low concentration in the blood, oxygen is diffused into the bloodstream.
Diffusion moves oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. The 1 cell thickness of the alveoli membrane and capillaries allow efficient diffusion process.
State the relationship between systemic and pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to the capillaries to carry out gas exchange.
Why does the AV node purposely delay electrical impulse by 0.1 second?
To allow blood to flow correctly before being pumped out.
How does systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic exercise?
Systolic pressure goes up because of increase cardiac output This results in a higher systolic pressure against the arterial walls.
Diastolic pressure does not change much significantly
How does systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to static exercise?
Systolic pressure goes up due to the constant contraction of the muscles, there is an increase in cardiac output.
Diastolic pressure also increases
Explain the mechanism of breathing
When inhaling, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the volume to increase and lowers the air pressure in the thoracic cavity so that the high pressure air from outside the body goes in.
When exhaling, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, causing the volume in the thoracic cavity to decrease and air pressure higher. The high pressure air in the thoracic cavity goes out to the low pressure air outside the body.
Outline the pathway of blood for cardiac output
Deoxygenated blood flows down or up from the superior and inferior vena cava, entering the right atrium.
The blood passes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle where it then is sent to the lungs, passing the pulmonary valves via the pulmonary artery.
Deoxygenated blood goes through the gas exchange process when it circulates the lungs via capillaries, and re enters the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, where it is now oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it rushes through the aortic valves and through the aorta, pumping the oxygen-rich blood throughout the rest of the body. This now oxygen deprived blood is then sent back to the heart via the vena cava and the process repeats.
State the process of excitation of the heart
Beginning in the Sinoatrial (SA) node, depolarization happens, which is the process of cells within the heart that go from negatively charged to positively charged to begin the pulse, affecting all the other cells around it as well to depolarize.
Bachmann's bundle of myelinated nerve fibers extends from the right to left atrium, allowing cells in both atria to depolarize almost simultaneously.
More myelinated nerve fibers extend to the AV node in the center between the ventricles and purposely delay their depolarization for 0.1 seconds in order to keep the proper blood flow via contractions of the atrium -> ventricles
Bundle of His (myelinated nerve fibers) go down between the ventricles and split into left and right bundles that wrap around the ventricles to aid contraction
Bundle of His splits off into even smaller fibers called the purkinje fibres that also wrap around the ventricles that also aid in contraction (electrical impulses)
Outline Cardiovascular Drift
1. Heart rate increased, maintain cardiac output, decreased in stroke volume
2. Stroke volume is decreased due to loss of bodily fluids, blood becomes more viscous.
3. Increase in blood viscosity is because of loss of bodily water (plasma) due to sweating
4. Sweat response occurs to lower core body temperature
5. Cardiovascular drift happens faster in hotter climates
Explain the blood distribution during exercise
During exercise, redistributes the blood so that more of it goes to the working muscles and less of it goes to other body organs. The blood vessels going to the gut, kidneys, and skin undergo vasoconstriction. The blood vessels allow extra blood to travel to the working muscles, such as the muscles, brain, and coronary arteries which undergo vasodilation to allow more blood in.