General Ex Phys
Define Exercise Physiology
Ex Phys: Study of function of tissues, organs, and organ systems during exercise
During what period of time did PE resemble pre-military training and why?
World War 1- World War 2. This is because many draftees failed induction exams due to poor physical fitness during the first world war
What is the magic number for this class?
5
Examples: 5 liters of blood, 5 kcal/LO2
Define bioenergetics and metabolism
Bioenergetics: Converting the energy in food into energy that cells can use
Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What are the three sources of energy in muscle cells?
Immediate (anaerobic): ATP and CP
Glycolytic (anaerobic): Glycogen and Glucose
Oxidative (aerobic): TCA cycle
What is the CDC's recommendation for daily exercise?
30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity a day
What caused the paradigm shift in the 1950's and what was that shift?
Autopsies of young soldiers from Korean War and Vietnam Conflict showed significant coronary artery disease had already developed. PE focus shifted from fitness to health from here on out
How many kcal/gram for fats and carbohydrates
4 kcal/gram for glucose/carb
9 kcal/gram for fats
Define anabolic and catabolic reactions and give an example of each
Anabolic= synthesis of molecules. Ex. gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis
Catabolic= breakdown of molecules. Ex. hydrolysis, glycolysis, breakdown of proteins into amino acids
What are the two processes that give Acetyl CoA and what fuel is used?
Glycolysis- glucose/glycogen
Beta Oxidation- fatty acids
Which type of exercise is required for health and which is required for fitness?
Physical Activity -> Health
Intense Exercise-> Fitness
Which Scientist came up with the control of breathing?
J.S. Haldane
How do you calculate work?
Calculate Dr. A's work when he is 59 kg and moved 2m vertically
Work = force x distance
Force in Newtons: 59 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 = 578.2 N
Work = 578.2 x 2 = 1156.4 Nm
Newton Meters (Nm) is the measure of work
Define a coupled reaction
The energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction
Exergonic: release energy. Endergonic: require energy
When does GLUT4 arise to the surface of the cell, what happens to glucose immediately after it enters the cell, and why does that happen?
GLUT4 raises to the surface of the muscle cell during exercise and after a meal
Glucose is phosphorylated into Glucose 6 Phosphate
This is to keep the glucose flux moving into the cell and to prevent Glucose 6 Phosphate from leaving the cell
What are the Five Health Related Components of Fitness?
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Muscular Strength
Muscular Endurance
Flexibility
Body Composition
Which scientist's brainchild is the lactate shuttle?
George A. Brooks
A person has a VO2max of 3.0 L/min. The person is exercising at 67% of their VO2max. How long can they exercise using blood glucose and blood palmitate without becoming hypoglycemic?
Calculate total glucose. 1 g/L x 5 L = 5 grams of glucose
Calculate how long. 5 g glucose x 4 kcal/ g glucose x LO2/ 5 kcal x min / 2 LO2 = 2 minutes. Only use half, so 1 minute
Calculate total blood palmitate. 1g/L x 5 L = 5 grams of palmitate
Calculate how long. 5 g palmitate x 9 kcal/g x LO2/5 kcal x min/2 LO2 = 4.5 minutes. 4.5 + 1 = 5.5 minutes
Define mean vs ATP demand and identify the energy source for each
Mean ATP demand is where your body can keep up the ATP supply to match the demand over time, so ATP is directly used
What is the difference between temporal and spatial energetic buffering?
Temporal Energetic Buffering: creatine phosphate is used to keep ATP stores up during the immediate phase of exercise before glycolysis kicks in
Spatial Energetic Buffering: creatine phosphate is made at the mitochondria to carry the phosphate from the mitochondria to the sarcomere because it has an easier time diffusing than ATP and through using creatine phosphate as the phosphate carrier, ATP stores are kept up
What is GAS and what are the principles?
GAS= General Adaptation Syndrome
Specificity, Progressive Overload (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type), Reversibility, Individual Differences
Which president created the President's Council on Youth Fitness and which 3 presidents have their own iterations of that committee?
Eisenhower created it, but Kennedy, Nixon, and Obama have their own iterations
Calculate VeSTPD, VO2, and VO2 in ml/kg min
Weight: 66.39 kg VeATPS: 29.3 kSTPD = 0.895 FeO2: 0.1823 FeCOS: 0.0232
VeSTPD: 26.2
VO2: 0.81
VO2 ml/kg min: 11.0
What is the universal energy donor and describe how it is the universal energy donor using exergonic and endergonic reactions?
ATP is the universal energy donor
Food is turned into carbon dioxide and water in an exergonic reaction and the energy is used in the endergonic reaction of making ATP. That ATP is broken down into ADP and a phosphate in an exergonic reaction that fuels the endergonic reactions that are energy requiring processes in cells.
NADH donates its H+ to complex 1
Complex 1 donates an electron pair to CoQ which donates that electron pair to complex 3
NADH donates its H+ to complex 3 and the electron pair is donated to cytochrome C which donates the electron pair to complex 4
NADH donates its H+ to complex 4 and the electron pair is donated to oxygen to make water
H+ ions move down the concentration gradient through ATP Synthase to make ATP