Goal Setting
True.
Setting all three types of goals is linked to better performance.
Define motivation.
Motivation is the direct (choice) and intensity (effort, persistence) of one's effort
Describe the main difference between an educational sport psychologist and a clinical sport psychologist.
Clinical = licensed; can work with people with severe emotional disorders.
Educational = "mental coach" trained more broadly in PE, KIN, or exercise/sport science
True or False. Arousal is NOT associated with positive or negative states.
True
True.
cognitive - mental relaxation
somatic - physical relaxation
True or false. Setting a goal to increase the % of good first serves in tennis is an example of an approach goal.
True.
Walk me through the findings of the Sorrentino and Sheppard Study:
Situation: whether each swimmer swam alone or on a relay
Personality factor: social approval (views competing with others positively) or rejection-oriented (views competing with others as a threat)
Social approval swimmers swam faster in the relay Rejection oriented swimmers swam faster alone
Give an example of a research study you might conduct using Objective 1 and 2 of SEP:
Objective 1: to understand the effects of psychological factors on physical and motor performance.
Objective 2: to understand the effects of participation in PA on psychological development.
Objective 1: Does lacking self-confidence influence a child’s ability to learn to swim?
Objective 2: Does participation in college athletics enhance personality development?
Describe the differences between State and Trait anxiety.
Describe the differences between cognitive and somatic anxiety.
State = moment to moment
Trait = general personality disposition
Cognitive = thought component (worry)
Somatic = physical component (butterflies in the stomach)
False.
Somatic.
Define performance, process, and outcome goals.
Provide one sport/exercise example of each type of goal.
Outcome: Typically center on competitive results
Example: to win the championship game
Performance: Focus on personal accomplishments or comparing your performance to your past performances.
Example: to improve my free throw % from 75% to 85% by the end of the season.
Process: Focus on actions necessary an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well.
Example: To make solid contact with a golf ball each time that I strike it.
Identify and Describe the three main components of Basic Psychological Needs Theory.
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
True or False. Zajonc's Social Facilitation Theory suggests that for tasks that are difficult or novel, the presence of an audience will DECREASE performance.
True.
For tasks that are well learned, or well known, presence of an audience will INCREASE performance.
What are the main predictions for the IZOF and Multi-Dimensional Anxiety Theory?
IZOF = optimal state anxiety doesn't always occur at the midpoint (varies individual to individual and its not a single point but a bandwidth)
Multi-dimensional Anxiety Theory = cognitive (negative relationship) and somatic anxiety (inverted-u) affect performance differently.
False.
Identify and describe the two theoretical views that explains why goal setting works.
Indirect Thought Process View: Goals lead to changes in psychological factors (e.g., anxiety & confidence), which then influence performance.
Direct Mechanistic View:
Goals direct attention to important elements of skill being performed
Goals mobilize performer effort
Goals prolong performer persistence
Goals foster development of new learning strategies
Describe the difference between a task orientation and ego orientation.
Task = focused on self-improvement or mastery
Ego = outcome focused (winning)
What are the strengths/weaknesses of scientifically derived knowledge?
Strengths: highly reliable, systematic and controlled, objective and unbiased
Weaknesses: reductionist, conservative, often slow to evolve, lack focus on practicality
Describe McGrath's Four Stage Stress Process.
Environmental Demand, Perception of Demand, Stress Response, Behavioral Consequences (feedback loop - stress is a cyclical process)
Identify and describe an example of a cognitive and somatic anxiety reduction technique.
Cognitive: Relaxation response
Somatic: Breath control
Identify and describe three goal setting principles that you could implement while working with an athlete or exerciser.
SMART goals, performance, process, and outcome goals, achievement strategies - progression, individual considerations, goal ownership, goal support, record goals, evaluation and feedback.
True or false.
We want to attribute our successes to internal, stable factors and our failures to external, unstable factors.
True.
Internal (within us), stable (e.g., ability - doesn't change) -- gives us info about our competence.
External (outside of us), unstable (can change) -- we can get better for next time. Just because we failed today doesn't mean we will fail tomorrow.
Choose one of the following approaches to SEP and describe its focus:
Psychophysiological
Social-psychological
Cognitive-Behavioral
Psychophysiological: Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior (i.e., brain-behavior links)
Social-Psychological: behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the social environment and the personal makeup of the athlete/exerciser
Cognitive-Behavioral: Behavior is determined by not only the environment but also thoughts (i.e., cognitions)
Describe the Inverted-U hypothesis. What is its shortcoming?
Shortcoming: Do people always perform their best at the midpoint?
Describe problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping and provide an example of each.
Problem focused = Efforts to alter or manage the problems that are causing stress (e.g., time management, problem solving)
Emotion-Focused = Regulating the emotional responses to the problem that causes the stress (e.g., through relaxation, meditation)