Variables
What is the variable that is changed?
Independent variable
What is a between-subjects design?
Each participant is only exposed to one level/condition of the IV.
What is the proper format for a null hypothesis in an experimental design?
There is no statistically significant difference between conditions.
How many IV levels can be tested in a t-test?
Two
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of variance
What is the main difference between a correlational and experimental study?
Manipulation of the IV
What is the variable that responds to the change?
The dependent variable
What is a within-subjects design?
Each participant is exposed to all levels of the IV.
How is a theory different from a hypothesis?
A theory is a well supported broad range idea and a hypothesis is testable for a specific scenario.
Name the types of t-tests we've discussed in class
Independent
Paired
One-sample
What test statistic is used in ANOVAs?
F-value; F-statistic
What is an example of p-hacking?
Collecting a lot of variables and running analyses until you find something significant.
OR
Only running participants until you get significance and then stopping
What are variables that are held constant between the two test groups?
Controlled or extraneous variables
What is power?
The ability to detect a true effect in your sample
What is the difference between a one- and two-tailed hypothesis test?
One-tailed: you are expecting results to go in a specific direction
Two-tailed: it's exploratory; you're not sure if the manipulation will increase or decrease your DV
What test statistic is used in t-tests?
t-statistic/ t-value
What is the difference between a main effect and an interaction?
Main effect: how one IV influences the DV, averaged across levels of all other IVs
Interaction: The combined effects of all IVs on the DV
What is wrong with this citation?
Chenneville, T., Machacek, M., Walsh, A. S. J., Emmanuel, P., & Rodriguez, C. Medication adherence in 13-to 24-year-old youth living with HIV. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 28(3), 383-394. (2017)
Publication year in wrong place
Journal article title in italics
Journal name not in italics
Correct:
Chenneville, T., Machacek, M., Walsh, A. S. J., Emmanuel, P., & Rodriguez, C. (2017). Medication adherence in 13-to 24-year-old youth living with HIV. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 28(3), 383-394.
This type of variable can be defined as the differing individual characteristics that may impact how a participant responds in an experiment.
Participant variables
Why is it the convention that your results are significant when your p-value is less than .05?
Related to your set alpha level
AND/OR
0.05 was picked arbitrarily as a good cut off point.
Form an alternative hypothesis for the following statement- Echinacea has an effect on the duration of a cold.
People who take Echinacea during a cold will see their cold resolve quicker than those who do not take it.
What statistical test determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups?
Independent samples t-test
What are post-hoc tests and why are they used?
Compares multiple groups in a significant ANOVA to indicate where the differences are between the groups.
Random assignment
What is the process where each variable needs to have a clear definition and a strategy on how to be measured and recorded?
Operationalization
How does sample size influence power and effect size?
Smaller --> less power, inability to detect true effect, especially when paired with small effect size
What is an alpha level and how is it related to your hypothesis testing?
Definition: It is the probability of a type I error, or rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
Relation: It's what your p-value has to be under to be considered significant.
Which effect size statistic is used to compare groups in a t-test?
Cohen's d
A researcher is interested in looking at how exposure to conspiracy theories influences trust in authority figures. They are also interested in any gender effects that may be present.
Design an experimental study that could be tested using an ANOVA (IVs, DVs, manipulation)
Manipulated IV: exposure to conspiracy theories (2+ levels)
Participant Variable: gender (2 levels)
DV: Trust in authority figures
What are the four types of validity and which is the most important to have in your study?
Internal, External, Construct, Statistical