In __________________, the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables, and observes the effect on one or more dependent variables.
What is experimental research?
100
This is the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not other variables.
What is internal validity?
100
_____________________ occurs when subjects respond or react differently to a treatment because they have been pretested.
What is pretest-treatment interaction?
100
_______________ is the best way to control for experimental variables.
What is randomization?
100
True experimental designs have this one characteristic in common.
What is random assignment of participants?
200
________________ refers to the researcher's efforts to remove the influence of any variable, other than the independent variable, that may affect performance on the dependent variable.
What is control?
200
This refers to the physical, intellectual, and emotional changes that naturally occur within individuals over a period of time and affect participants' performance on a measure of the dependent variable?
What is maturation?
200
When treatment is not clearly pre-rationalized, ______________ is a threat to generalizability.
What is specificity?
200
Finding pairs of similar participants and randomly assigning each member to a certain group is called ________________.
What is matching?
200
These designs occur when it is not possible to assign subjects to groups randomly.
What are quasi-experimental designs?
300
________________ and _____________ are the two types of controlled variables.
What is participant and environment?
300
History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, differential selection of participants, mortality, and selection maturation interaction are _______________.
What are the eight main threats to internal validity?
300
Its application is that all groups in an experiment appear to be treated the same
What is the placebo effect?
300
Single-variable designs involve one of these
What is an independent variable?
300
This design involves random assignment of subject to one of four groups.
What is the Solomon four-group design?
400
This is the group that receives the new treatment.
What is the experimental group?
400
If already-formed groups are included in a study, one group may profit more or less from a treatment or have initial advantage (or disadvantage).
What is maturation, history, or testing factors?
400
Occurs when different treatment groups communicate with and learn from each other
What is treatment diffusion?
400
One-shot case study, one group pretest posttest design, and static group comparison are all ______________ designs.
What are experimental designs?
400
In this kind of design, one group is repeatedly pretested and post-tested.
What is a time-series design?
500
This is also known as the random assignment of participants to treatments.
What is manipulation of the treatments?
500
These three were responsible for the most authoritative source in experimental design and threats to experimental validity.
Who were Donald Campbell, Julian Stanley, and Thomas Cook?
500
These effects can be passive or active and are known as experimenter effects.
What are a researcher’s influences on participants or study procedures?
500
A researcher would use what method when controlling the variable while seeing if the independent variable affects the dependent variable differently at different levels of the control variable.
What is building the control variable into design?
500
Factorial designs rarely include more than this many factors.