Input and interaction in First Language Acquisition
What does CDS stand for?
Child-Directed Speech
Who conducted the 1999 study that provided strong evidence linking interaction and acquisition?
Mackey
This type of speech involves adults using simpler language, repetition, and a slower pace when talking to children.
Child-Directed Speech (CDS)
These authors studied how interaction, feedback, and modified output support second language learning.
Gass and Varonis
What is semantic contingency?
Talking about what the child is already focusing on.
What aspect of English language development did Mackey's study focus on?
English question forms
According to Krashen, language acquisition occurs when learners receive this type of input, which they can mostly understand even if some parts are new.
Comprehensible Input
This is when a learner corrects or changes what they said after a communication problem.
Modified Output
What is a recast?
An indirect correction in which an adult repeats a child's utterance in a grammatically correct form.
What opportunity was given to the interactors but not to the non-interactors?
The opportunity to interact and negotiate for meaning with a native speaker
In Krashen's model, what do i-1, i, i+1, i+2, and i+3 represent?
Stages of language development, where:
i-1 = previous knowledge
i = current level
i+1 = next achievable level
i+2 = further development
i+3 = advanced proficiency
This helps learners realize that something in their message was not clear or accurate.
Feedback
According to researchers, are parents primarily trying to teach grammar when using CDS?
No, their main goal is communication.
According to Long's revised Interaction Hypothesis (1996), what mediates environmental contributions to language acquisition?
Selective attention and the learner's developing L2 processing capacity
What does the formula i+1 mean in Krashen's Input Hypothesis?
Language that is slightly above the learner's current level and promotes acquisition.
This process helps speakers repair misunderstandings during communication.
negotiation of meaning
What did cross-cultural studies reveal about Child-Directed Speech?
CDS is not universal, yet children still acquire language successfully.
What type of feedback did Long emphasize as important for second language development during negotiation for meaning?
Negative feedback
What is one major criticism of Krashen's Input Hypothesis?
It gives limited attention to output, interaction, and feedback, and the concept of i+1 is difficult to measure and test.
According to Gass & Varonis, interaction is useful because it helps learners improve both comprehension and this.
Production/output