Special Senses - Eyes
Blood is classified a what type of tissue? Why is this the case?
Blood is classified as a connective tissue because it has living blood cells, called formed elements, suspending in a nonliving fluid matrix called the plasma
This is the most numerous of the white blood cells and functions phagocytes at the site of acute infection. They are partial to bacteria and fungi.
Neutrophil
What is the liver's role in helping the body to clot and how can the liver be prevented from acting in this role?
The liver produces clotting proteins necessary to clot the blood. It can be prevented from producing those proteins if it gets damaged from cirrhosis or hepatitis or if there is a vitamin K deficiency.
Blood has the ability to transfer what type of substances around the body? Name at least 3
Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), hormones/proteins, wastes (urea/uric acid, respiratory gases), and body heat
Sickle cell anemia can confer resistance to what type of infection, so long as the individual is carrying how many copies of the defective sickle cell gene?
Malaria; one copy (they are heterozygous)
What is hemolysis and how does it occur in relation to Rh+ and Rh- blood?
Rupture of RBCs…does not occur in Rh- person when first exposed to Rh+ blood
Body needs time to react/make antibodies…will rupture RBCs next transfusion
What is the name of the two hormones that are responsible for stimulating white blood cell formation. What additional benefit do these hormones confer to the white blood cell?
Colony stimulating factor (CSF) and Interleukins. Enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body.
What homeostatic imbalance of the eye is associated with the following symptoms: Redness of the white of the eye or inner eyelid, thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, and itchy eyes, burning eyes, and blurred vision?
Conjunctivitis/Pink Eye
What are the two ways in which polycythemia may arise? What is polycythemia?
Polycythemia is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells. It may result from bone marrow cancer or it may be a normal physiologic response to living at high altitudes where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available.
How is thrombin created?
By the interaction of tissue factor (TF) with PF3 (Platelet Factor 3) that combines with clotting factors + calcium to form an activator that will build thrombin.
What happens in the Vascular Spasm stage of Hemostasis?
The smooth muscle surrounding the blood vessel causes spasms within the blood vessel. This causes a narrowing of the blood vessel and decreases the loss of blood until clotting can occur.
By which month is the red marrow the chief site of hematopoiesis?
7th Month
What is hemolytic anemia?
Anemia that results from lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
The progenitor stem cell from which all blood cells arise?
Hemocytoblast
Describe how an embolus can cause a problem.
An embolus is a part of the thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood stream. If it lodges itself in a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through, it can block the flow of blood and cause tissue death.
What are some characteristics of leukocytes? Must list at least 4 characteristics
Fight infection, diapedesis (slip in and out of blood vessels), positive chemotaxis (respond to chemicals that diffuse from damaged cells and move to the tissue), Amoeboid motion
How is the heme group broken down and removed?
Heme is degraded into bilirubin, which is then secreted into the intestine by liver cells. There it becomes the brown pigment called stercobilin that leaves the body in feces.