Unit 3 AOS 1
Explain the difference between the dynamic and subjective nature of health and wellbeing.
Dynamic means health and wellbeing can change over time or quickly, whereas subjective means health and wellbeing can be viewed differently by different people.
Identify two examples of 'old' public health initiatives and explain how one contributed to improvements in Australia's health status.
Providing clean drinking water and improving sewage disposal systems. Improved sewage disposal reduced exposure to disease-causing pathogens, decreasing the incidence and mortality rates of infectious diseases.
Identify the four indicators used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI).
Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
How many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are there, and what year are they intended to be achieved by?
There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals, with 169 targets to be achieved by 2030
Define the health status indicator life expectancy.
The number of years a person can expect to live if current age-specific mortality rates remain unchanged.
Define the health status indicator burden of disease.
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically measuring the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age, free of disease and disability.
Define the Ottawa Charter action area reorient health services.
Changing the health system so that it focuses on promoting health and wellbeing and preventing illness, rather than solely diagnosing and treating disease.
Define sustainability and identify its three dimensions.
Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The three dimensions are economic, social and environmental sustainability.
Identify three key features of SDG 3.
Reduce maternal mortality.
End preventable deaths of newborns and children under five.
End epidemics such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
Reduce non-communicable diseases.
Promote mental health and wellbeing.
Reduce substance abuse.
Reduce road traffic deaths and injuries.
Reduce deaths and illnesses caused by pollution.
Identify three of the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.
Build healthy public policy.
Create supportive environments.
Strengthen community action.
Develop personal skills.
Reorient health services.
Explain how a low intake of dairy foods can contribute to increased burden of disease in Australia.
Dairy foods are a source of calcium, which is important for maintaining strong bones. Inadequate calcium intake can contribute to reduced bone density and osteoporosis, increasing the risk of fractures and years lived with disability (YLD), therefore increasing DALYs.
Identify the four principles of social justice and explain one.
Equity, access, participation and human rights. For example, equity involves providing additional support to disadvantaged population groups to address inequalities and allow them to achieve similar health outcomes to others.
Explain how inadequate sanitation can contribute to differences in health status between low- and high-income countries.
Inadequate sanitation can result in human waste contaminating water supplies, increasing exposure to pathogens that cause infectious diseases such as cholera and diarrhoeal disease. This can increase morbidity and mortality rates, particularly under-five mortality rates, contributing to poorer health status in low-income countries.
Explain the difference between bilateral and multilateral aid.
Bilateral aid involves the government of one country providing assistance directly to the government of another country. Multilateral aid involves governments contributing funds to international organisations, such as the UN, WHO or World Bank, which distribute assistance to countries in need.
Explain how environmental sustainability can promote human development globally.
Environmental sustainability involves preserving natural resources for current and future generations. Ensuring now and into the future appropriate management of resources such as forests and water ensures people continue to have access to clean water and food. This promotes good health and reduces the risk of disease, allowing individuals to lead long and healthy lives and reach their full potential.
Explain how one sociocultural factor can contribute to variations in health status between population groups A and B.
Population A may have more people with lower health literacy than population B, this may make them less likely to access healthcare when needed due to not understanding the symptoms of disease such as shortness of breath, reducing the management of treatable conditions such as asthma, increasing morbidity in Population compared with population B.
Explain how the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) can contribute to improved health status in Australia.
The PBS subsidises the cost of essential medications, making them more affordable and accessible. This allows more Australians to manage conditions such as hypertension, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke, potentially decreasing mortality rates and burden of disease.
Explain how increased global trade of ultra-processed foods can negatively impact health status in low- and middle-income countries.
Increased global trade and marketing of ultra-processed foods can increase consumption of foods high in saturated fats, added sugars and sodium. This can contribute to obesity and hypertension, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, potentially increasing morbidity, mortality and burden of disease.
Explain how achieving SDG 5 (Gender Equality) can contribute to achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing).
Achieving SDG 5 involves ensuring women have control over their sexual and reproductive health and access to reproductive healthcare services, including contraception. This can reduce unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions, lowering the risk of pregnancy-related complications and deaths. Therefore, this supports SDG 3's aim of reducing maternal mortality rates globally.
Explain how mass migration can negatively impact both health status and human development.
Health status: Mass migration can force people into overcrowded refugee camps with inadequate sanitation, increasing the spread of infectious diseases such as cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, potentially increasing morbidity and mortality rates.
Human development: Mass migration can disrupt children's education, reducing access to knowledge and limiting their ability to develop capabilities and reach their full potential
Explain how a high intake of salt can contribute to increased burden of disease from cardiovascular disease. Your answer must include a physiological pathway and a health status indicator.
A high salt intake can increase blood pressure, placing additional strain on blood vessel walls and increasing the risk of cardiovascular conditions such as stroke. This can increase years of life lost (YLL) from premature death and years lived with disability (YLD), therefore increasing DALYs.
A health promotion initiative provides free healthy cooking classes in low socioeconomic communities and involves local health professionals educating participants about nutrition. Identify two Ottawa Charter action areas reflected in this initiative and explain how they could contribute to improved health outcomes.
Develop personal skills: Cooking classes provide participants with the knowledge and skills to prepare nutritious meals, potentially reducing their intake of saturated fat and salt and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Reorient health services: Health professionals focus on nutrition education and disease prevention rather than simply treating illness. This may reduce the incidence of diet-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, improving population health status.
Explain how climate change can negatively impact both health status and human development in low-income countries. Include a specific example for each.
Health status: Climate change can increase the frequency and severity of droughts, reducing food production and increasing undernutrition. Undernutrition can weaken immune function, increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases and potentially increasing under-five mortality rates.
Human development: Droughts can destroy crops and reduce household incomes, forcing families to withdraw children from school to work or collect resources. This limits children's access to knowledge and reduces their future employment choices and capabilities, preventing them from reaching their full potential.
Explain why Australia delivers its aid program through partnerships with non-government organisations (NGOs) and local communities.
NGOs: Have established relationships with communities and expertise in delivering aid, particularly in remote and disadvantaged areas. This helps ensure aid reaches those most in need and promotes health and human development.
Local communities: Involving local people in planning and delivering aid ensures programs address their specific needs and encourages community ownership, improving the sustainability and effectiveness of aid.
Overall: These partnerships help maximise the impact of Australia's aid program, reduce duplication of services and promote long-term improvements in health and human development.
Analyse how achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education) can contribute to achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing).
- SDG 4 – Quality Education: A key feature is ensuring all children have access to free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education. This improves literacy, numeracy and health knowledge.
- Link to SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing: Increased education improves health literacy, allowing individuals to understand how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent infection. This contributes to the key feature of SDG 3 of ending epidemics such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.