The nephron
Acute kidney injury
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Mystery
100
The majority of sodium is reabsorbed in this part of the nephron
What is the PCT?
100
AKI caused by bilateral ureteral obstruction falls into this category
What is postrenal AKI?
100
Nephrotic-range proteinuria on a 24-hour urine collection
What is > 3.5 g?
100
Recurrent hematuria that occurs concurrently with respiratory or GI infection
What is IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)?
100
When a physician must report child abuse to Child Welfare Services
What is any reason to suspect that child abuse or neglect has occurred (or that there exists a substantial risk that child abuse or neglect may occur in the reasonably foreseeable future)?
200
Aldosterone works on this part of the nephron
What is the collecting tubule?
200
Fractional excretion of sodium usually >2% is associated with this BUN:creatinine ratio
What is BUN:creatinine ratio < 15:1?
(Intrinsic AKI)
200
Most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults
What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
200
Often caused by SLE and has a poor prognosis
What is Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (type IV)?
200
Four signs and symptoms of methamphetamine use
What are ... (any of the below)?
Insomnia, anxiety, agitation, tactile hallucinations, and psychotic or violent behavior
Poor personal hygiene, sores, unhealthy complexion, pallor, and cracked teeth (due to clenching of jaw when high)
300
Loop diuretics inhibit this transporter
What is the Na/K/2Cl symporter (in the thick ascending loop)
300
AKI with eosinophils in urine and recent antibiotic use suggests this diagnosis
What is acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)?
300
Changes in the glomerular that cause nonselective proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome (2 things)
What is podocyte damage/fusion and loss of negative charge of glomerular basement membrane?
300
Patient presents with hematuria, epistaxis, and dyspnea. Labs are positive for c-ANCA. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)?
300
Three classes of medication that can be used to treat BPH
What are alpha 1-adrenoreceptor blockers, 5 Alpha-reductase inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors?
400
This part of the nephron is permeable to H2O but impermeable to solutes
What is the thin descending loop?
400
The most common category of AKI cases in hospitalized patients
What is prerenal AKI?
(∼ 60% of cases of AKI)
400
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies cause this condition
What is membranous nephropathy?
400
17-year-old patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss, visual distortions, and hematuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is Alport syndrome? Type IV collagen disorder.
400
Four EKG changes seen in hyperkalemia
What are ... (any of the following)?
Peaked T waves, prolonged PR interval, widened P waves, dropped P waves, widened QRS complex, and sinusoidal pattern
500
Parathyroid hormone increases insertion and activity of calcium channels is this part of the nephron
What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule?
(PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the PCT, and promotes calcium reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle)
500
Urine dipstick + for blood, and urinalysis shows <5 RBC/hpf
What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is rhabdomyolysis
500
Is notable for nodular glomerulosclerosis on renal biopsy
What is diabetic nephropathy?
(Nodular glomerulosclerosis = Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules)
500
Is characterized by low C3 levels and a renal biopsy with hypercellular glomeruli and large, subepithelial deposits
What is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
500
Diuretics that increase blood pH
What are Loop and thiazide diuretics?