Volcanoes
Volcanoes are mostly found near p______ b_______.
plate boundaries
The point at the ground level directly above the focus is called the ____________.
epicenter
For a typhoon to form, the temperature of the ocean needs to be at least ______ for a few weeks.
26 or 27°C
Which of the following countries is the most sparsely populated?
Chile (26 people per sq. km.)
Guyana (4 people per sq. km.)
Monaco (19,361 people per sq. km.)
Vaitcan City (924 people per sq. km.)
Guyana (4 people per sq. km.)
Describe the difference between internal and international migration.
Internal migration is when a person migrates within the same country while international migration is when a person migrates to a different country.
Describe 2 differences between shield and composite volcanoes.
Shield: usually at constructive plate boundaries, low elevation, wide base, gentle slopes, shorter time between eruptions, gentle eruptions, runny lava, basic lava, etc.
Composite: usually at destructive plate boundaries, high elevation, narrow base, steep slopes, longer time between eruptions, viscous lava, acidic lava, etc.
Two scales used to measure the strength of an earthquake.
Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale
Name 2 things shown on a climate graph.
temperature and rainfall
What is the natural change in Japan if the birth rate is 7 births per 1000 people per year and the death rate is 12 deaths per 1000 people per year?
-5 per 1000 people per year
Suggest 1 push factor and 1 pull factor in rural to urban migration.
Push factors: food insecurity, quality education not accessible, nothing to do there, mechanization of agriculture, natural disasters, environmental degradation, lack of high-paying job opportunities, lack of government services, poor public transport
Pull factors: many recreation and entertainment options, many top school and universities to choose from, fast internet, buildings that can withstand natural hazards, lots of job opportunities, more government spending in public services, good public transport
Name 3 volcanic hazards.
Lava flow, ash cloud, lahar, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flow, etc.
Explain how an earthquake forms near plate boundaries (3 steps).
1) Plates move and cause a lot of friction.
2) Plates can be stuck for a long time, building pressure.
3) When they become unstuck, this releases energy as seismic waves
Which 3 months do the most typhoons occur in Hong Kong?
July, August, and September
Suggest 3 reasons why a country's birth rate is declining.
Describe the living situation in favelas/slums/informal settlements. [Give 3 points]
Overcrowded, lacks utility and government services, houses made from scraps, lack of land use planning, can have gang violence, usually develops into cities, usually located in undesirable areas such as hillsides or near the river, etc.
Suggest 4 ways to protect people from volcanic eruptions.
Exclusion zones, setting up evacuation routes and shelters, training emergency services, educating/informing the public, monitoring systems, designing steep and smooth roofs, spraying water onto lava flows, etc.
Suggest 2 primary effects and 2 secondary effects of earthquakes.
Primary effects (immediate effects): ground shaking, buildings collapse, roads cracking, power cables damaged, deaths and injuries from building collapse, etc.
Secondary effects (long-term or caused by primary effects): landslides, fires, deaths and illnesses from exposure, liquefaction, spread of disease, homelessness, etc.
Name 2 typhoon hazards and 2 typhoon measures (preventive/remedial)
Hazards: storm surge, storm tide, heavy rainfall, inland flooding, high winds, rip currents, tornadoes, etc.
Typhoon measures: monitoring and forecasting, emergency relief, setting up emergency response plans, education, cleaning up affected areas, housing design (raised houses/shutters), saline-resistant crops, planting mangrove forests, storm shelters, etc.
What do the following features of a population pyramid represent:
1) Tall/more height
2) Wide top
3) Narrow base/bottom
1) Tall/more height - higher life expectancy
2) Wide top - lower death rate
3) Narrow base/bottom - lower birth rate
Suggest 2 push factors and 2 pull factors in the Mexico to USA migration.
Push factors: Living conditions are poor, unemployment rates are high, poverty, lack of access to basic daily needs such as food, high crime rate,
Pull factors: Better economiy, better education, higher life expectancy at birth, better healthcasre, higher wages
Explain 3 short-term impacts and 2 long-term impacts in the 2010 Eruption of Mt. Merapi.
Short-term impacts: pyroclastic flow caused deaths, people had to be evacuated, overcrowding and poor sanitation in evacuation shelters, breathing difficulties caused by contaminated air, homes were destroyed, flights were cancelled, etc.
Long-term impacts: farmers lost their livelihoods, vegetable prices increased, roads were closed, tourism developed, many households were moved to safer areas, volcano monitoring systems have been updated, etc.
Suggest 5 ways to prepare for and respond to earthquakes (preventive + remedial measures).
Monitoring and warning systems, land use zoning, shock-proof designs, education, emergency relief, rehabilitation, etc.
5 facts about Mangkhut (e.g. year, countries, hazards, and/or impacts)
Year: September 2018
Countries: Philippines and Hong Kong
Hazards: Strong winds, torrential rain, flooding, storm surge, etc.
Impacts: In HK - injuries, fallen trees, smashed windows, interrupted power supply, evacuation, cars submerged, vessels stranded/sunk/seriously damaged, agriculture affected, transport was paralyzed. In the Philippines - similar with HK but with at least 127 fatalities.
5 facts about a country's population policy (e.g. France/China: pro-/anti-natalist?, reasons for the policy, how the policy was implemented, and impacts of the policy)
France: pro-natalist; reasons - low birth rates / worried about an ageing population and underpopulation; implementation - people with children paid less tax and public transport, get priority for government housing, get free childcare; impacts - France now has the highest birth rates in Europe but mostly because of migrants.
China: anti-natalist; reasons - reduce rapid population growth which led to famine; implementation - financial penalties and birth control devices; impacts - prevented over 400M births, economic improvements, higher status of women, gender imbalance, 4-2-1 problem
Describe 3 arguments for and 2 arguments against undocumented workers/illegal migrants in the USA.
Arguments for undocumented workers: there is a labor shortage in the US, undocumented workers do the jobs that Americans do not want to do, they pay taxes (but don’t enjoy government services), and if they go, it will drive the economy down, etc.
Arguments against undocumented workers: they drive the wages down, it is costly when providing social services to them (e.g. education), workers are commonly subject to exploitation (wage theft), etc.