The Cells
Genetics
Fluids and Electrolytes/Acid-Base Imbalances
Stress, Exercise, and Immobility
Obesity and Nutritional Imbalances
Pain
Skin
Eyes and Ears
100
This acid is the result of anaerobic metabolism and if accumulated, it can lead to metabolic acidosis.
What is lactic acid?
100
This occurs when a gene is damaged. Often from the misalignment of DNA base pairs.
What is a mutation?
100
This electrolyte is the major ion in the extracellular fluid.
What is sodium?
100
This term describes the body's acute stress response, preparing it for physical action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies.
What is "fight-or-flight" response?
100
Obesity is a complex condition influenced by these three categories of factors, including inherited traits, lifestyle choices, and social determinants of health.
What are genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors?
100
This type of pain is caused by the activation of pain receptors in response to tissue damage or inflammation and can be classified into somatic and visceral pain.
What is nociceptive pain?
100
Chronic skin condition is characterized by the rapid growth of skin cells, leading to thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches that are often painful.
Psoriasis
100
Excessive tearing, burning sensation, and irritation around the eyelids.
Blepharitis
200
These small organelles contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular debris and foreign substances.
What are lysosomes?
200
This trait is expressed even when the person only has one allele from the father and a different allele variation from the mother.
What is a dominant trait?
200
This condition's signs and symptoms include dark urine, low urine output, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and thirst.
What is dehydration? Fluid volume deficit is also accepted.
Read section Electrolyte Imbalances
200
This hormone, released by the adrenal cortex during stress, helps regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and manage the body’s energy use.
What is cortisol?
200
This BMI threshold is used to classify an individual as obese, indicating a higher risk for obesity-related health conditions.
What is a BMI of 30 or higher?
200
These myelinated nerve fibers transmit sharp, acute pain quickly to the central nervous system and are responsible for the initial, rapid pain response.
What are A-delta fibers?
200
The nurse explains that the release of histamine from mast cells during an allergic reaction will most likely result in.
Wheals and hives
200
Gritty sensation in the eye of a contact lens wearer
Corneal abrasion
300
RNA carries out these two functions to create proteins for cell replication and overall normal physiological function.
What is transcription and translation?
300
This syndrome is one of the most common male chromosomal disorders. It is denoted as 47,XXY karyotype. Signs - lack development of the testes, gynecomastia, sparse or absent facial hair.
What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
300
This sign involves a carpopedal spasm with the application of an inflated BP cuff.
What is Trousseau's sign? It indicates hypocalcemia. Also, be familiar with Chvostek's sign.
300
Chronic activation of the stress response can lead to these negative health outcomes, including hypertension, heart disease, and immune system suppression.
What are the consequences of prolonged or chronic stress?
300
This adipokine is known as the "satiety hormone" and helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, but its effectiveness can be reduced in obesity, leading to overeating.
What is leptin?
300
This theory suggests that pain perception is regulated by a "gate" mechanism in the spinal cord that can be influenced by other sensory inputs, thereby modulating the sensation of pain
What is the gate control theory?
300
Stage_________ melanoma is characterized by a Breslow thickness of up to 2 mm with no ulceration.
Stage 1
300
Increased intracranial pressure from conditions like tumors can lead to swelling of the optic disk or _________
Papilledema
400
This term describes an increase in cell size that results in an enlargement of functioning tissue mass. Each cell becomes larger increasing metabolic demand and energy needs.
What is hypertrophy?
Know the difference in pathologic and physiologic (in the text)
400
This is a lysosomal disease causing a buildup of ganglioside. The buildup destroys neurons and brain cells.
What is Tay-Sachs?
400
To compensate for alkalosis, the kidneys can do these two actions.
What is retain H+ and excrete bicarbonate?
400
This condition involves the permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, and ligaments due to immobility, leading to joint deformities and reduced range of motion.
What is contracture?
400
This eating disorder is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe calorie restriction leading to significant weight loss and malnutrition.
What is anorexia nervosa?
400
This chronic pain disorder is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tender points throughout the body, with no identifiable physical cause.
What is fibromyalgia?
400
Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, and involves the production of autoantibodies, various immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
400
My 2 year old has been suffering with recurrent respiratory tract infections and is now pulling on her ear. What condition would the nurse suspect?
Otitis Media
500
This condition exerts a shearing force against endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, causing injury to the interior walls of arteries.
What is hypertension (high blood pressure)?
Read the Significance of Endothelial Cell Injury section.
500
Due to the lack of fibrillin, the aorta and heart valves can be affected in this syndrome. Increasing the risk of aortic aneurysm or dissection, and heart murmurs.
What is Marfan's Syndrome?
500
Interpret the following ABG:
pH: 7.21
paCO2: 68 mmHg
HCO3: 25 mEq/L
What is Repiratory Acidosis?
Be able to interpret ABGs. You do not need to know partially compensated or fully compensated interpretations.
500
When a person's blood pressure falls when moving from a seated or lying position to a standing position.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
500
This complication often arises from the purging behaviors associated with bulimia nervosa, potentially leading to severe health issues such as cardiac arrhythmias and renal dysfunction.
What is electrolyte imbalance?
500
These medications are commonly prescribed for severe pain and work by binding to "specific" receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce pain perception, though they carry risks of dependence and side effects.
What are opioids?
500
Suspected diagnosis of pityriasis rosea. The nurse notes the presence of a single, oval-shaped, pink patch on the patient's trunk called__________.
Herald patch
500
Condition that may have symptoms of the room spinning around me and buzzing in my ear____
Ménière’s disease