transcription
location of transcription
in the nucleus
what is an anticodon and where do you find it
a set of 3 RNA nucleotides which “reads” the codons in mRNA through complementary base pairing, you find it at the bottom of a tRNA
Bond that make sup DNA and RNA backbone and what it attaches to too
OH group attached to the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon of the next nucleotide
what strand of DNA is used to make RNA and why?
the template strand due to it being antiparallel to the gene of interest and complementary base pairing
primary structure determines...
shape and function
list the proteins involved in transcription
regulatory transcription factors (enhancer), general transcription factors, mediator complex, RNA polymerase
explain the process of charging tRNA
Each type of aminoacyl synthetase enzyme contains a binding “pocket” for a specific amino acid
Other parts of this protein enzyme recognize and bind to the unique shape of the tRNA with the anticodon corresponding to that enzyme’s specific amino acid
When both amino acid and tRNA are bound, aminoacyl synthetase catalyzes formation of a bond between the amino acid and the tRNA
What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA nucleotides
RNA has a –OH group on 2’ carbon, DNA has just a H atom (no oxygen) on 2’ carbon
what are the 3 steps to processing RNA
1. splicing
2. adding a 5' cap
3. adding a poly A tail
the bond that connects one amino acid to another
peptide bond
I repeat the exact same process with the same strand of DNA
what makes up the initiation complex
initiation factors, small ribosomal subunit,
which end is the 5' end and which is the 3' end in DNA and RNA backbone
End w/ free 5’ phosphate = 5’ end
End w/ free 3’ –OH = 3’ end
what is the difference between splicing and alternative splicing, and what protein does this?
splicing- removing of introns
alternative slicing- removing of exons
spliceosome is the protein
name all the chemical groups that make up an amino acid
carboxyl group, hydrogen, central carbon, amino group, r group
how does RNA polymerase synthesize a new strand of RNA
it starts by unwinding DNA then uses a channel to funnel in free RNA nucleotides and creates an RNA backbone, then the RNA strand exits the polymerase through a channel
when does the large ribosomal subunit come into translation and how
Once complex reaches AUG, the large ribosomal subunit is recruited and binds to initiation complex Ribosome positions tRNA Met at P site, establishing proper reading frame for subsequent codons
A scientist who is digging up dinosaur fossils finds genetic information in a T-rex, is this likely DNA or RNA and explain how you know
it is likely DNA because it is more chemically stable due to it being double stranded
A scientist creates a drug that alters processed mRNA, making it so ribosomes can't bind what structure is affected and why
the 5' cap because it provides a recognition site for ribosomes to bind (for translation)
if there is a drug that blocks H bonding in proteins which structure would it affect first
alpha helices and beta sheets (secondary structure)
a person has a mutation to their enhancer, making it non functioning but still able to bind to proteins, how would you predict this would affect transcription
transcription would still occur, but the mutation would have some affect like making it harder or slowing it
Translate this mRNA into amino acids
3-CCAAAUCCCGAACUAGGGUAUGUACC-5
N-Met-Tyr-Gly-Ile-Lys-Pro-C
A persons DNA is made up of 23% cytosine, how much thymine is their DNA made up of?
27%
Draw a template DNA with 5 exons and introns, also draw a processed mRNA for the brain with exons 2,3,5 expressed. Make sure to include directionality and all components found on both strands
I will judge it to determine accuracy
explain how quaternary structure forms, must explain how it bonds and what it is
Interactions between amino acid R groups that join two or more individual polypeptide chains in their tertiary structure