Motivation
Anxiety and Arousal
Psychological Strategies to enhance motivation
Past HSC Questions
Syllabus
100
What forms of motivation are there?
Positive, Negative, Extrinsic, Intrinsic
100
What is anxiety?
Heightened level of emotion causing reactions.
100
What are some sources of stress? Name three
* past experiences
*level of support available
*expectations
*pressure
*predisposition
100
Explain why the optimum level of arousal varies for different sports
* Appropriate for game setting
* Waking the body up ready to perform
* The greater difficulty in skill, the lower level of arousal required
100
What falls under the dot point, 'motivation'?
* Positive and negative
*Intrinsic and extrinsic
200
True or False - Examples of intrinsic motivation are financial remuneration and crowds.
False - Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual. Therefore, they achieve effort and self accomplishment. Financial remuneration and crowds are examples of extrinsic motivation.
200
What is arousal?
The readiness to perform. Includes things such as heart rate, breathing and muscle tension.
200
Provide one specific example of a relaxation technique
progressive muscular relaxation: relaxing muscle groups using special exercises
mental relaxation: involves relaxing the body through controlled breathing, relaxing the mind and gaining a 'floating' feeling
self-hypnosis: which involves using the power of suggestion to have the mind accept a particular level of anxiety in a specific situation
mental rehearsal: involves the concentrating on rehearsing the performance of the task rather than on how you feel about it
meditation: involves narrowing one's thoughts using simple repetitive images and sounds
centred breathing: involves controlling breathing to release tension before a performance
200
Outline how goal setting can influence an athlete’s motivation level. Use examples to support your answer.
*Allows an athlete to measure progress/ achievement
*Provides purpose (long term) and benchmarks (short term)
*Focus on particular objectives
*Can build behavioural habits
e.g. a goal that adheres to SMART principle is likely to be achieved by an athlete therefore encouraging them to set more goals and build on outcomes such as performance (reducing time it takes to finish 100m) or habits (training three times a week in addition to team training.
200
concentration/ attention skills is also known as
focusing
300
Select a sport that would benefit most from positive and intrinsic motivation
swimming
cycling
long distance running
300
Why is optimum arousal important for an athlete? Provide an example
Optimum arousal allows an athlete to perform under the appropriate amount of pressure that executes the task correctly. e.g a low level of arousal would be appropriate for archery, whereas a high level of arousal is necessary for UFC fighting.
300
What does mental rehearsal allow the athlete to do?
Practise old skills, learn new skills, experience success, control anxiety and arousal levels and develop coping strategies.
300
Describe TWO ways in which extrinsic motivation can affect an athlete’s performance. Provide examples to support your answer.
Extrinsic negative: a participant may feel pressure to perform to avoid being dropped from the top team, the individual might increase their effort to avoid damaging their reputation.
Extrinsic positive: a young player may try harder to score a goal if they know they're coach will reward them with a trophy or gift etc. They may feel encouraged/ motivated by these external incentives
300
What is the learn to dot point for anxiety and arousal?
* explain the difference between anxiety and arousal in terms of the effects of performance.
400
why could extrinsic motivation be negative
*the measurable reward could need to increase
* the type of motivation may not be compatible
*the negative association could prompt avoidance
400
What is the difference between state and trait anxiety?
trait: general level of stress that is characteristic of each individual. Evident in how we respond to daily situations. Varies based on how an individual has been conditioned.
state: more specific. characterised by a state of heightened emotions that develop in response to fear or danger
400
What are two examples of external stress, where it is not under the athlete's control?
Audience, media, environment and the opposition.
400
How do anxiety and arousal differ in terms of their effect on athletic performance?
anxiety inhibits performance, arousal can inhibit or benefit performance
anxiety is psychological - affects concentration and muscle control and is influenced by an athlete's perception of ability
arousal is physiological - can be experienced prior and during performance. Arousal is necessary in sports performance.
400
What is the CQ2?
How can psychology affect performance?
500
Provide an example for each type of motivation
intrinsic: satisfaction of performance
extrinsic: becoming famous
positive: prize money
negative: extra training session for poor performance
500
Select one sport to discuss the inverted u hypothesis for level of arousal
* Optimum level of arousal for performance
A = low level of arousal (insufficient)
B = peak arousal
C= over aroused
500
What does it mean when goals are collectively 'owned'?
When they are collectively owned, this means that goals are directed by coaches, parents or friends, as it achieves a higher level of commitment and direction.
500
Justify the psychological strategies used by athletes to enhance their motivation and to manage anxiety
*Attention/ concentration - blocking out others and external cues, positive self-talk. Different types of attention e.g intense, low and sustained
*mental rehearsal/ visualisation - picturing the movement or skill in the mind, taking own perspective or view and imagining execution of skill, often just done before performance or before a specific skill in performance. Can maintain level of performance but not increase (e.g. visualisation during injury), supports optimising arousal
*relaxation - used to reduce anxiety and arousal levels e.g. centred breathing progressive muscle relaxation, listening to music and mental relaxation. Helps with focus before performance.
*goal-setting - motivates athlets to achieve outcomes and progress in performance. Should involve a combination of short term and long term with individuals selecting realistic and achievable goals that are specific to their training and performance needs. Allows for monitoring and realising improvement
500
Identify the three dot points
* motivation
* anxiety and arousal
*psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety