General
Classify the below injuries.
a) A contusion to the quadricep due to a knee making contact.
b) A strained hamstring while running due to a poor warm-up.
What are the four different type of skin injuries?
Skin Abrasions, Lacerations, Blisters, Calluses
What can happen to a nerve cell during a concussion?
What is STOP?
Explain.
Stop - Stop the game/activity and assess the injury
Touch - Touch the injured area to check severity
Observe - Watch the athlete to assess severity eg pain
Prevent Further Injury - get help if required, remove from the field, RICER if needed
How does protective equipment help prevent injuries?
Provide 4 specific examples.
Designed to protect specific areas and prevent injury to susceptible body parts.
Head gear, ankle braces, shoulder pads, mouth guards, shin pads, box, etc
What is the difference between a hard tissue and soft tissue injury?
Hard tissue involves bones and teeth.
Soft tissue involves everything else - ligaments, tendons, muscles, cartilage, skin, vessels etc
What are the different grades of sprains?
Explain each
Grade 1 - Relatively little damage. Some fibre disruption.
Grade 2 - Moderate fibre damage or tearing.
Grade 3 - Complete (or near to) rupturing of the ligament.
What are the 8 R's of Concussion?
Recognise
Remove
Reevaluate
Rest
Rehabilitation
Refer
Recovery
Return to sport
Reconsider
Residual effects
Risk reduction
What is TOTAPS?
Explain
Talk - find out what happened.
Observe - compare both sides of the body, assess pain behaviours.
Touch - gently feel for swelling and deformity etc
Active Movement - Player performs a range of movements.
Passive Movement - physically mobilise the injured area.
Skills test - perform skills used in the game/sport.
What progressions would you make for a person coming back from injury?
Increase Range of Movement
Increase Strength
Increase skill development
(this may include adding contact activities if required)
Intense or unreasonable use of joints or body areas. Provoked by repetitive action.
Name two different types of hard tissue injuries and explain how you treat them?
Fracture - Simple or Compound, greenstick, communited, depressed, oblique, spiral, transverse, compression.
Dislocation
Fractures are treated by immobilise, refer to professionals, may require surgery or casts etc.
What is the main objective of a sports policy?
And give examples of these?
To guide decision making and to provide transparency.
Member protection, code of conduct (all areas) and judicial processes.
What is DRSABCD?
Danger - check for danger and ensure it is safe
Response - check for response
Send for help!
Airway - open mouth and keep airway clear
Breathing - check for breathing (look, listen, feel)
Circulation - start CPR
Defibrillator - apply defibrillator
What can cause a concussion?
What are the signs and symptoms?
When the head is hit by an object or the brain is jarred against the skull.
Loss of consciousness, PTA, RGA, disorientation, incoherent speech, headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light, ringing in the ears, vomiting and fatigue.
Why do we use taping?
What are the pros and cons?
Helps reduce injury by restricting the movement of a joint.
Pros - Stabilises the joint, 'feels' more stable.
Cons - athletes can become reliant and it possibly 'weakens' the joint.
What are the dangers of relocating a dislocation?
It may not go in properly - resulting in damaged vessels and nerves, breaks on relocation, not locating the joint properly
What is an MRI and what does it do?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scanning machinery that uses magnetic fields to generate images of the human body that cannot be seen as well with CT scans, X-Rays and ultrasounds.
What is RICER?
Explain
Rest - stop play and rest the injured area
Ice - apply ice to the area 20 mins/2 hours to minimise blood flow
Compression - apply a compression bandage to the area to minimise blood flow
Elevate - the injured area above heart level to minimise blood flow
Refer - to a professional to diagnose
Name 6 different diagnostic tools and a brief point on what they diagnose.
X-Ray - bones
MRI - body tissues
CT scan - body tissues
Ultrasound - soft tissue
Compartment pressure test - pressure within the muscle
Bone scan - bone disease
Explain the physiological phases of healing.
Inflammation - vascular and cellular. Vasodilation occurs and permeability increases. Histamines are released and phagocytosis occurs. Lactic acid is a byproduct of the chemical reactions and stimulates the next stage
Proliferation - laying down of collagen type 3 and 'wound contraction' through fibroplasia and angiogenesis.
Remodelling - re-absorption of type 3 collagen and laying down of collage type 1, more like the parent tissue and greater tensile strength.
What is CTE? And how does it occur?
A progressive degenerative disease of the brain.
It occurs by repetitive brain trauma.
What is referred pain? How can it be mistaken for other injuries?
Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful origin.
When there is a pain at the injured site of a network, the pain can be interpreted in the brain to the radiate nerves. And can give pain elsewhere in the related areas of the network.
What is NO HARM?
Explain
No:
Heat - avoid anything that will cause the area to heat up
Alcohol - avoid drinking, increases blood flow and can cause further damage
Running - avoid as it causes increased blood flow and can cause further damage
Massage - avoid as it increases blood flow and upsets the initial healing phases