Rational Choice/RAT
Theory of victimization
Routine Activities Theory
This theory describes criminals as having physical traits that are less evolved or neanderthal like
Atavism
Type of IQ related to crime
Verbal
Person who accepts the goals but reject the means
Innovator
What are the 4 elements of social bonds theory?
Attachment, belief, involvement, and commitment?
3 elements of deterrence
Certainty, severity, and celerity (swiftness)
Charles goring found that, compared to college students, prisoners were ?
-Criminals were smaller and more feeble minded
What is the average gap between offenders and non offenders in IQ?
8-9 points
Two types of satisfaction for following the rules
Extrinsic and intrinsic
What does residential turnover, physical decay, racial heterogeneity, and poverty describe?
Zone of Transition
Crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, lack of capable guardian, and suitable target
Routine activities theory
The relationship between polygenic scores and crime is mediated by
-Self control
-Academic success
-IQ
Are introverts or extroverts more likely to be criminal (BOOK QUESTION)?
Extroverts
Whats is Durkheim's definition of anomie
"Normlessness".
External control vs internal control
Social bonds: external
Self control: internal
The word that summarizes the balance of pleasure of pain
utility
This risk allele for this gene has gendered effects
MAOA
In the debate about what IQ measures, what are the three positions about what IQ measures?
Innate ability
Learned ability
Culture
The 3 conditions that lead to strain according to Agnew?
Failure to obtain positively valued stimuli, loss or potential loss of positively valued stimuli, introduction of a noxious stimuli
What are the 6 dimensions of self control?
Impulsivity, simple tasks, self-centered, risk seeking, psychical, and hot tempered
The declining value of a unit of consumption based on the units of consumption one already has
Marginal utility
Having these versions of genes had adverse effects in bad environments and positive effects in good environments
Short 5HHT
Long DRD4
Three possibilities why IQ related to crime
-Direct (Empathy/moral reasoning)
-Indirect (Social Capital)
-Spurious
Key internal contradiction of Merton's strain theory
Claims there are universal goals, but the types of means one endorses are subcultural
Parenting methods best for instilling self control in children
Gottredson and Hirschi: Monitor, notice and discipline
Authoritative parenting: acceptance-involvement, psychological autonomy, fair discipline, nonphysical discipline
Two elements of instrumental reason
Transitivity and independence
This predicts not only offending, but whether someone becomes a life course persistent or adolescent limited offender
Polygenic scores
Hirschi and Hindelang's major findings/arguments
-IQ important as race/class
-IQ predicts crime within race/class
-Predicts recidvism
-Gap between offenders and non-offenders = 8-9 points
Under what conditions are people more likely to utilize criminal coping strategies?
Previously used criminal coping, have delinquent peers, personal coping resources are low/exhausted, conventional social support is lacking
Self control not only predicts crime, but also?
Analogous behaviors