Arterial Disorders
These medications are prescribed to stop HMG-CoA from creating cholesterol in the liver.
What are statin medications (e.g. simvastatin)?
These are the three types of angina.
What are unstable, stable, and variant?
Unstable - this is under Acute Coronary Syndrome - rule out ischemia/infarction
Stable - this is associated with a fixed coronary obstruction
Variant - vasospasm of a coronary artery
This is the product of stroke volume and heart rate
Commonly written as SV x HR = ?
What is cardiac output?
Be sure you can define cardiac output and the components of the formula
Tricuspid stenosis can be a complication of rheumatic heart disease which is caused by this common bacteria.
What is streptococcus (group A strep)?
This is the movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually providing oxygen to every part of the body.
What is perfusion?
Know the differences between ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion.
This lab is often used to judge the effectiveness of the kidneys. When this lab value doubles in number, that means the renal function has fallen to half of its normal state.
What is creatinine?
Chronic skin condition is characterized by the rapid growth of skin cells, leading to thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches that are often painful.
Psoriasis
his type of shock is caused by the body's overwhelming response to an antigen. It causes swelling of the throat, bronchoconstriction, and widespread vasodilation.
What is anaphylactic shock?
Be sure to define the different types of shock.
This is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis because it promotes plaque formation and rupture. This affects organs that are highly vascular or dependent on adequate blood supply for appropriate function leading to end-organ damage.
What is hypertension?
Know the end-organs hypertension impacts.
This lab value indicates cardiac cell death. Sometimes it can take hours for this lab to be elevated. That is why chest pain patients are admitted to the hospital for serial (multiple timed) blood draws.
What is Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) ?
Cardiac ______________ refers to the ability of the healthy myocardium to stretch and contract in response to the heart filling with blood.
What is contractility?
Valvular fibrosis and calcification can occur as a normal response to the _______ process.
What is the aging process?
The most common cause of aortic stenosis is aortic sclerosis, which is the calcification of the aortic valve that occurs in older adults.
A client with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was recently intubated. During the report, the nurses state that the client has not received adequate mouth care since the intubation. The nurse knows this is a risk factor for what type of pneumonia?
What is Ventilator Associated Pneumonia?
Other risks include:
Aspiration, inappropriate body positioning, inadequate suctioning, circuit contamination
Know the difference between community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Anemia in people with kidney failure is often caused by low levels of__________?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
The nurse explains that the release of histamine from mast cells during an allergic reaction will most likely result in.
Wheals and hives
These types of burns can cause rhabdomylosis due to intense muscle damage. In addition, they can cause deadly dysrhythmias - get that ECG - STAT!
What are electrical burns?
Review the different types of burns and the special considerations for each one.
These cells are created when macrophages combine with LDL. They begin to form atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries.
What are foam cells?
This EKG finding refers to the electrical impulse seen indicating a depolarization of the ventricle.
What is the QRS complex?
Know the Sinus Rhythm components - PQRST, What indicates depolarization (De-Squeeze) and repolarization (Refill).
This is the leading cause of left ventricular failure.
What is hypertension?
This type of heart murmur usually requires medical intervention because it is caused by an abnormality of the heart.
What is a pathological murmur?
This disease process is marked by airway inflammation manifested by inflammatory cells and damage to the bronchial epithelium. It causes episodes of airway obstruction and air trapping in the alveoli.
What is asthma?
What phase of acute kidney injury includes hyperkalemia alongside oliguria?
Oliguric phase
Stage_________ melanoma is characterized by a Breslow thickness of up to 2 mm with no ulceration.
Stage 1
During severe infection, patients without diabetes can still develop hyperglycemia that needs to be managed with insulin. It is because of the release of these two endogenous stress hormones.
What are epinephrine and cortisol?
Claudication is a symptom in patients with this disease caused by narrowing or occlusion due to atherosclerotic plaques of arteries outside of the heart and brain.
What is peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?
A patient with this cardiac arrhythmia is at increased risk for ischemic stroke because the quivering atria allow for stasis of blood and subsequent clot formation.
What is atrial fibrillation? (A fib)
Systolic dysfunction of this ventricle causes forward dysfunction, producing signs of diminished perfusion such as weak peripheral pulses.
What is the left ventricle?
This is also known as "regurgitation." It is when a valve doesn't close properly, allowing blood to flow backward.
What is insufficiency?
Know the difference between valve insufficiency and valve stenosis.
A patient suffered a penetrating chest wound after a motor vehicle accident. The patient arrives to the ER with difficulty in breathing and chest pain. The nurse notes a trachea shift. What should the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
What is a tension pneumothorax?
Know the different types of pneumothorax including: spontaneous, traumatic, tension.
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism initiates which of the following physiologic processes performed by the liver?
Angiotensinogen
Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, and involves the production of autoantibodies, various immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
In severe burns, the decreased blood flow to the GI system decreases the mucosal protective lining. Decreased mucosal protection sets the patient up for this type of gastrointestinal ulcer.
What is a stress ulcer (Curling's Ulcer)?
The nurse knows that deep palpation of the abdomen of a patient with a known abdominal aortic aneurysm can lead to this complication.
What is rupture?
Cardiogenic shock, deadly cardiac dysrhythmias, and heart failure are all potential complications from this heart issue.
What is a myocardial infarction?
A provider suspects this type of heart failure after finding the patient has jugular vein distention, ascites, hepatomegaly, and lower extremity edema.
What is right ventricular failure?
Know the difference in pathophysiology and presentation for right ventricular failure versus left ventricular failure.
An echocardiogram is used to diagnose these 2 cardiac conditions.
What are heart failure and valvular disease.
Severe COPD can lead to pulmonary constriction and this increases the workload on the right ventricle of the heart. This is the name of the term for right ventricle failure caused by pulmonary disease.
What is cor pulmonale?
The nurse is reviewing the lab results of a client with suspected nephrotic syndrome. The nurse anticipates the results to include:
Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia
Suspected diagnosis of pityriasis rosea. The nurse notes the presence of a single, oval-shaped, pink patch on the patient's trunk called__________.
Herald patch
Interventions from the Sepsis Six need to be delivered within this time frame to control the source of infection, restore circulation, and promote oxygen delivery.
What is within 1 hour?
Review the Sepsis Six.