Arterial Disorders
Ischemic HD & Conduction Disorders
Heart Failure
Valvular HD
Respiratory
Renal
Skin
100
These medications are prescribed to stop HMG-CoA from creating cholesterol in the liver.
What are statin medications (e.g. simvastatin)?
100
These are the three types of angina.
What are unstable, stable, and variant?
Unstable - this is under Acute Coronary Syndrome - rule out ischemia/infarction
Stable - this is associated with a fixed coronary obstruction
Variant - vasospasm of a coronary artery
100
This is the product of stroke volume and heart rate
Commonly written as SV x HR = ?
What is cardiac output?
Be sure you can define cardiac output and the components of the formula
100
Tricuspid stenosis can be a complication of rheumatic heart disease which is caused by this common bacteria.
What is streptococcus (group A strep)?
100
This is the movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually providing oxygen to every part of the body.
What is perfusion?
Know the differences between ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion.
100
This lab is often used to judge the effectiveness of the kidneys. When this lab value doubles in number, that means the renal function has fallen to half of its normal state.
What is creatinine?
100
This virus causes cold sores and genital herpes.
What is the Herpes simplex virus?
There are 2 types, HSV1 and HSV2. Usually HSV1 causes the cold sores and HSV2 causes genital herpes, but either type can cause lesions in either site.
200
This is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis because it promotes plaque formation and rupture. This affects organs that are highly vascular or dependent on adequate blood supply for appropriate function leading to end-organ damage.
What is hypertension?
Know the end-organs hypertension impacts.
200
This lab value indicates cardiac cell death. Sometimes it can take hours for this lab to be elevated. That is why chest pain patients are admitted to the hospital for serial (multiple timed) blood draws.
What is Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) ?
200
Cardiac ______________ refers to the ability of the healthy myocardium to stretch and contract in response to the heart filling with blood.
What is contractility?
200
Valvular fibrosis and calcification can occur as a normal response to the _______ process.
What is the aging process?
The most common cause of aortic stenosis is aortic sclerosis, which is the calcification of the aortic valve that occurs in older adults.
200
A client with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was recently intubated. During the report, the nurses state that the client has not received adequate mouth care since the intubation. The nurse knows this is a risk factor for what type of pneumonia?
What is Ventilator Associated Pneumonia?
Other risks include:
Aspiration, inappropriate body positioning, inadequate suctioning, circuit contamination
Know the difference between community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
200
Anemia in people with kidney failure is often caused by low levels of__________?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
200
During a skin assessment of a 28-year-old patient with dark skin tone, the nurse observes a raised, reddish scar around one of the patient's tattoo sites. The scar has grown over and past the original tattoo. The nurse explains to the patient that he has this skin disorder.
What is a keloid scar?
300
These cells are created when macrophages combine with LDL. They begin to form atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries.
What are foam cells?
300
This EKG finding refers to the electrical impulse seen indicating a depolarization of the ventricle.
What is the QRS complex?
Know the Sinus Rhythm components - PQRST, What indicates depolarization (De-Squeeze) and repolarization (Refill).
300
This is the leading cause of left ventricular failure.
What is hypertension?
300
This type of heart murmur usually requires medical intervention because it is caused by an abnormality of the heart.
What is a pathological murmur?
300
This disease process is marked by airway inflammation manifested by inflammatory cells and damage to the bronchial epithelium. It causes episodes of airway obstruction and air trapping in the alveoli.
What is asthma?
300
What phase of acute kidney injury includes hyperkalemia alongside oliguria?
Oliguric phase
300
A 35-year-old male has partial-thickness burns on his right arm, the front of his trunk, and the front of his left leg. Using this rule, the medical provider determined that the total body surface area burned is 36%.
What is the rule of nines?
Know the basic idea. You will not be asked to calculate a TBSA burned percentage.
400
Claudication is a symptom in patients with this disease caused by narrowing or occlusion due to atherosclerotic plaques of arteries outside of the heart and brain.
What is peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?
400
A patient with this cardiac arrhythmia is at increased risk for ischemic stroke because the quivering atria allow for stasis of blood and subsequent clot formation.
What is atrial fibrillation? (A fib)
400
Systolic dysfunction of this ventricle causes forward dysfunction, producing signs of diminished perfusion such as weak peripheral pulses.
What is the left ventricle?
400
This is also known as "regurgitation." It is when a valve doesn't close properly, allowing blood to flow backward.
What is insufficiency?
Know the difference between valve insufficiency and valve stenosis.
400
A patient suffered a penetrating chest wound after a motor vehicle accident. The patient arrives to the ER with difficulty in breathing and chest pain. The nurse notes a trachea shift. What should the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
What is a tension pneumothorax?
Know the different types of pneumothorax including: spontaneous, traumatic, tension.
400
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism initiates which of the following physiologic processes performed by the liver?
Angiotensinogen
400
This disease can present in the skin as a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose and involves the production of autoantibodies.
What is Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
500
The nurse knows that deep palpation of the abdomen of a patient with a known abdominal aortic aneurysm can lead to this complication.
What is rupture?
500
Cardiogenic shock, deadly cardiac dysrhythmias, and heart failure are all potential complications from this heart issue.
What is a myocardial infarction?
500
A provider suspects this type of heart failure after finding the patient has jugular vein distention, ascites, hepatomegaly, and lower extremity edema.
What is right ventricular failure?
Know the difference in pathophysiology and presentation for right ventricular failure versus left ventricular failure.
500
An echocardiogram is used to diagnose these 2 cardiac conditions.
What are heart failure and valvular disease.
500
Severe COPD can lead to pulmonary constriction and this increases the workload on the right ventricle of the heart. This is the name of the term for right ventricle failure caused by pulmonary disease.
What is cor pulmonale?
500
The nurse is reviewing the lab results of a client with suspected nephrotic syndrome. The nurse anticipates the results to include:
Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia
500
Suspected diagnosis of pityriasis rosea. The nurse notes the presence of a single, oval-shaped, pink patch on the patient's trunk called__________.
What is a Herald patch?