Medieval Authority & Crisis
A major medieval conflict involved popes and monarchs competing over this.
What is political power and influence?
Renaissance humanism emphasized classical languages, rhetoric, and this discipline.
What is moral philosophy?
Luther’s doctrine claiming salvation comes by faith alone.
What is sola fide?
Copernicus placed this at the center of the universe.
What is the Sun?
Locke argued that political authority derives from this.
What is the consent of the governed?
The Papal Schism weakened the Church because multiple leaders claimed this role.
What is the sole representative of Christ on Earth?
Humanists criticized scholasticism for emphasizing logic over this.
What is moral formation?
Luther’s break with Rome became irreversible because his ideas undermined this system.
What is the sacramental system of medieval Christianity?
Kepler demonstrated that planetary orbits have this shape.
What are ellipses?
“Power ought to check power” reflects concern with this political principle.
What is preventing tyranny through separation of powers?
This catastrophe first entered Europe through Messina, Sicily, in 1347.
What is the Black Death?
Renaissance scholars revived classical texts primarily for this purpose.
What is stylistic, moral, and historical insight rather than theological proof?
The Council of Trent sought primarily to do this in response to Protestantism.
What is clarify doctrine and reform abuses?
Galileo’s telescope was important because it provided this kind of support for heliocentrism.
What is observational evidence?
Rousseau’s “general will” emphasizes this over individual rights.
What is collective moral authority?
Medieval Christianity assumed salvation was mediated primarily through these practices.
What are the sacraments?
Humanists believed rhetoric, history, and philosophy helped cultivate these citizens.
What are virtuous and active citizens?
This 1555 agreement linked religious confession to political sovereignty.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Bacon advocated this method of scientific reasoning.
What is experimentation and inductive reasoning?
Kant defined Enlightenment as humanity’s emergence from this condition.
What is self-imposed immaturity?
Luther’s critique challenged this foundational assumption of medieval Christianity.
What is that salvation depended on works and sacramental participation?
Erasmus differed from Luther chiefly because he sought this outcome for the Church.
What is preservation of church unity?
The Catholic Reformation emphasized education and discipline because leaders believed abuses stemmed from this.
What is moral laxity and poor clerical training?
Newton’s Principia unified celestial and terrestrial motion under these.
What are universal laws of motion and gravitation?
The Enlightenment’s lasting political legacy was redefining this concept.
What is authority and legitimacy?
This sixteenth-century movement challenged the idea that salvation and truth were mediated exclusively through institutional authority, insisting instead on Scripture and personal faith.
What is the Protestant Reformation?
This intellectual shift placed confidence in human reason and classical learning while still seeking moral and spiritual renewal rather than rejecting Christianity outright.
What is Renaissance humanism?
This Enlightenment principle holds that legitimate political power comes from the people and exists to protect pre-existing rights rather than create them.
What is the consent of the governed (or natural rights theory)?
By emphasizing observation, experimentation, and mathematical laws, this movement undermined reliance on ancient authorities and reshaped humanity’s understanding of the natural world.
What is the Scientific Revolution?
This shared belief links Renaissance humanism and Enlightenment philosophy.
What is confidence in human intellectual capacity?