By Definition
The ___ lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.
Burden of Proof
This is organic celery, so it is healthier than regular celery.
Appeal to Nature
My friend went to therapy for months and never felt any better. In fact, they got worse. So, therapy doesn’t really help people.
Yes (Anecdotal)
No True Scotsman
Appeal to purity to dismiss relative criticisms or flaws
Judging something as either good or bad on the basis it comes from, or from whom it came.
Genetic
Cherry-picking a data cluster to suit your argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption.
Texas Sharpshooter
Allowing students to use calculators on math exams means they'll use it for everything; they’ll forget how to do it without and eventually society will lack basic math skills.
Slippery Slope
You can't trust Sam's advice on parenting. He doesn't even have kids!
Yes (Ad Hominem - Character Assassination)
Loaded Question
Asking a question with presumption built into it so it cant be answered without looking guilty
Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on on the accuser (answering criticism with criticism).
Tu Quoque
Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.
Appeal to Emotion
You can trust Colorado weathermen because they have a reputation for accuracy.
Begging the Question
Primavera is beautiful because it was painted by Boticelli, and all paintings by Boticelli are beautiful.
Yes (Begging the Question)
Ambiguity
Double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead/misrepresent
Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other.
False Cause
Fallacy Fallacy
One person argues that psychiatric medications are dangerous, where another argues that it is just as much ⎯ if not more ⎯ dangerous to not take them; the same as not taking your heart medication.
Personal Incredulity
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so we can assume it will rise in the east tomorrow.
Not a Fallacy
Ad Hominem
Attack on an opponent based on characteristics to undermine their argument
Assuming that one part of something has to be applied to it all or other parts of it, or that the whole must apply to its parts.
Composition/Division
Moving the goalposts or making up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.
Special Pleading
At a murder trial, the defendant argues: "I know I broke the law, but you have to understand I've had a very tough life. I've been hungry and homeless."
Appeal to Pity/Emotion
There's a sale going on for winter coats. It's winter and I need a new coat, so I should go buy one.
Not a Fallacy
Gamblers Fallacy
Runs occur to statistically independent phenomena
Using double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.
Ambiguity