Twist & Shout (Fallacies of Ambiguity)
This fallacy arises when a word, phrase, or claim has more than one possible interpretation.
Ambiguity
Jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence or biases.
Hasty Generalization
Misrepresenting an argument to make it easier to attack.
Straw Man Fallacy
Trying to persuade by evoking sympathy instead of offering valid arguments.
Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)
Changing or qualifying an argument each time it's challenged, weakening the original claim.
Death by a Thousand Qualifications
This fallacy assumes that all members of a set share characteristics of the set as a whole.
Division Fallacy
This fallacy occurs when someone assumes that sequence equals consequence.
Making an unwarranted claim by misapplying rules or standards.
Special Pleading
This fallacy involves invoking fear to convince someone of an argument.
Appeal to Fear
This fallacy involves distorting or manipulating evidence to fit a preconceived belief.
Protecting the Hypothesis
Assuming that a set shares characteristics with a given member of a set.
Composition Fallacy
Presupposing facts that are assumed in the question itself.
Many Questions
Establishing only two opposing positions when more are available or when the positions are not mutually exclusive.
Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
Ad Hominem
When someone appeals to a false authority in making an argument
Appeal to Authority
When two words or phrases are made equivalent in meaning while ignoring contextual differences.
Equivocation
Arguing that an idea or action will inevitably lead to exaggerated or unrealistic consequences.
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Reducing a complex situation to a single cause or consequence.
Oversimplification
Attempting to discredit an argument by attacking its source or origin.
Genetic Fallacy
This fallacy assumes something is true simply because it has not been proven false.
Appeal to Ignorance
The fallacy that literally means "it does not follow," where the conclusion is unrelated to the premises.
Non Sequitur
Comparing two things that may be similar in some ways but different in other important ways.
False Analogy
Distracting from the central issue by bringing up an irrelevant point.
Red Herring
Discrediting an argument by pointing out the speaker's failure to adhere to their own conclusion.
Tu Quoque
Using unrelated or emotional distractions to divert from the main argument.
Poisoning the Well