Intro Fallacies (Very Common)
Means “against the person”/Attacks something personal, not ideas.
What is Ad Hominem?
Occurs when an arguer claims that their argument is simply “common sense” or “obvious”
What is Appeal to Common Sense?
An arguer makes a causation link. This 1 thing, causes 2nd thing, then a 3rd, a 4th, a 5th, until something really bad happens.
What is a Slippery Slope?
Experts say that there is a strong chance that aliens have visited Earth.
What is False/Anonymous Authority?
If you don’t agree with my friend over here, let’s just say that something bad might happen to your tires
What is Appeal to Force?
When an unspecified source is used as evidence for the claim
What is False or Anonymous Authority?
Occurs when an arguer claims that because something is found in nature, it is “good”.
What is Appeal to Nature?
An arguer makes an analogy (comparison) argument that doesn’t have enough similarities,
What is Weak/False Analogy?
No true elite athletes wouldn't follow a strict regimented diet and exercise program.
What is No True Scotsman?
Won’t you eat more lasagna? I worked so hard to make it and it was your Grandma’s favorite.
What is Appeal to Pity?
Occurs when an arguer offers a limited set of options (usually two), when in fact, there can be many more options.
What is a False Dilemma?
Occurs when an arguer threatens or uses physical force, rather than evidence.
What is Appeal to Force?
Called “circular reasoning”
The reasoning/conclusion are the same.
What is Begging the Question?
What is Hasty/Sweeping Generalization?
The new iPhone 17 is significantly better than any other versions.
What is Appeal to Novelty?
Means “You, also!” or “You too!”
Occurs when an arguer attacks their opponent by calling them a hypocrite.
What is Tu Quoque?
Occurs when an arguer claims that because something is new; it is “good/better”
What is Appeal to Novelty?
An arguer makes a broad conclusion based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence.
What is Hasty/Sweeping Generalization?
He stole my cookies from me yesterday, so I am going to steal his cookies today so we won’t steal mine again.
What is Two Wrongs Make a Right?
“I have to believe my friend is telling the truth about what happened, even though there is evidence against it. They’re my best friend and I’ve always been there for them.”
What is Appeal to Loyalty?
Occurs when an arguer twists their opponent’s argument into something different, usually more extreme and easier to beat.
What is a Straw Man?
Appeal to popularity
What is Appeal to Bandwagon?
An arguer tries to derail an argument or move it off topic to something different, and easier to defeat.
What is a Red Herring?
"It's okay to eat chicken that's raw"
"No it's not, that's totally unsafe!"
"Okay, so if we cook it most of the way, then it will be okay?"
"Sounds good to me!"
What is Appeal to the Middle Ground?
Herbal supplements are derived from plants, so they are safer than other medicines.
What is Appeal to Nature?