POV & Perspective
Define perspective. What does it entail?
Perspective are the characters emotions, experiences, and how they perceive things.
Things that can affect perspective is a character's cultural background, socioeconomic status, education, and spirituality.
What are the five types of author's purpose?
Persuade
Inform
Explain
Elaborate
Describe
What are the three types of rhetorical appeals and their definition?
Logos:
Pathos: Creates an appeal to emotion.
Ethos: an appeal to credibility or character.
What are the five types of text structure?
1. Sequence
2. Chronological
3. Compare & Contrast
4. Problem & Solution
5. Cause & Effect
Name at least four out of eight figures of speech you should know as a 7th grader?
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Hyperbole
4. Personification
5. Allusion
6. Idiom
7. Onomatopoeia
8. Alliteration
What are the three types of point of view and their pronouns?
1st: I, me, my, we
2nd: you, your
3rd: he, she, her, him, they, it, names
What is the authors purpose of this paragraph?
Middle schools should absolutely adopt a later start time of 8:30 AM instead of the current 7:15 AM schedule. Research clearly shows that adolescents need between 8-10 hours of sleep per night for optimal brain development and academic performance. Starting school too early prevents students from getting adequate rest, which leads to decreased concentration and lower test scores. Furthermore, sleep-deprived students are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems. Medical experts, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, strongly support later school start times for teenagers because their natural sleep patterns make it difficult for them to fall asleep early and wake up before 8:00 AM. Most importantly, schools that have switched to later start times report improved attendance, better grades, and fewer disciplinary issues. With all these benefits, it's clear that pushing back our school's start time would create happier, healthier, and more successful students.
Persuade
What are the three types of reasoning and their definition?
Deductive:
Inductive:
Abductive:
What is the text structure of this paragraph?
The local middle school faced a serious problem with food waste in their cafeteria. Students were throwing away nearly half of their lunches every day, which wasted both food and money. To solve this issue, the student council developed several creative solutions. First, they conducted a survey to understand why students weren't eating their meals. After discovering that portion sizes were too large and some menu items were unpopular, they worked with cafeteria staff to adjust serving sizes and create a new menu based on student preferences. Additionally, they started a composting program to handle any remaining food waste. The most successful solution was implementing a "share table" where students could leave unopened items for others to take. As a result of these changes, food waste decreased by 75%, saving the school money and helping the environment.
Problem & Solution
What type of figures of speech are being used below?
Example A. My little brother's snoring was so loud last night that it shook the entire house, rattled all the windows, and scared every bird within ten miles away from their nests!
Example B: My mother told me that if she got another phone call that she would slap the taste out of my mouth.
Example A: Hyperbole
Example B: Idiom
What point of view is being used and what is the perspective?
You can't stop smiling as you bounce through the front door of your house, clutching the best report card you've ever earned. Your hard work in math finally paid off, and you're practically glowing with pride! As you rush into the kitchen, you notice the sweet aroma of your favorite chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven - what perfect timing! You spot a sticky note on the counter from your mom that reads "Proud of you! I knew you could do it!" and your heart swells with joy. You dance around the kitchen, humming your favorite song while you wait for the cookies to finish baking. Through the window, you see the sun shining brilliantly, and you notice the first spring flowers blooming in the garden. Everything feels absolutely perfect today, and you just know this is the beginning of many more wonderful achievements to come.
POV: 2nd Person
Perspective: Happy, excited, proud
What is the authors purpose of this paragraph?
The abandoned tree house stood majestically in the ancient oak tree, weathered by years of sun and rain. Its wooden walls, once painted a cheerful blue, had faded to a soft gray, with ivy creeping up the corners like green fingers. Through the heart-shaped window, tattered curtains danced in the breeze, telling stories of the children who once played there. The rickety ladder, missing every third rung, zigzagged up the trunk, while a frayed rope swing swayed gently beneath the platform. Inside, scattered puzzle pieces and a dusty collection of comic books lay forgotten on the uneven floorboards. Spider webs sparkled like delicate lace in the corners, catching the golden afternoon sunlight that filtered through the leaves. The sweet scent of honeysuckle and pine needles wafted through the cracks, mixing with the earthy smell of aged wood.
Descriptive
What type of rhetorical appeal is being used?
As a certified nutritionist with fifteen years of experience and a Ph.D. in Dietary Science from Stanford University, I strongly recommend that middle schools replace sugary drinks in vending machines with healthier options. The American Academy of Pediatrics has extensively documented the negative effects of excessive sugar consumption on developing bodies. According to recent studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, teenagers who consume multiple sugary drinks daily are 85% more likely to experience dental problems and have higher rates of obesity. The World Health Organization also supports limiting access to sugary beverages in schools, citing research from leading medical institutions worldwide. Our school district's own health committee, comprised of licensed healthcare professionals and certified school nurses, has collected data showing that students perform better academically when they make healthier drink choices.
Ethos
What is the text structure of this paragraph?
The devastating wildfire that swept through California's forests last summer caused a chain reaction of environmental impacts. Because the intense flames destroyed thousands of acres of trees and vegetation, the soil became loose and unstable. As a result, when heavy rains arrived in the fall, there was nothing to hold the soil in place, leading to dangerous mudslides. These mudslides then caused damage to nearby homes and blocked important roadways. Additionally, because the fire destroyed many animals' natural habitats, local wildlife was forced to move into neighboring areas, creating unexpected encounters with humans in residential zones. The most significant effect was on the local water supply, as ash and debris contaminated nearby streams and reservoirs, requiring extensive cleanup efforts by the city.
Cause & Effect
What type of figures of speech are being used below?
Example A: The students sat as still as statues, fascinated by her storytelling skills that flowed like a gentle stream.
Example B: The talented teenager took time to talk through tricky topics while his classmates carefully concentrated
Example A: Simile
Example B: Alliteration
What point of view is being used and what is the perspective?
I can't believe my little brother did this to my science project! After spending three whole weeks building the perfect model solar system, I walk into my room to find all the planets scattered across the floor like marbles. My face burns red as I notice Jupiter has a huge crack right through its middle, and Saturn's rings are completely broken. I clench my fists and stomp down the hallway, searching for the guilty party who's probably hiding under his bed right now. "JAKE!" I shout, my voice echoing off the walls. This is the third time he's ruined one of my school projects, and I'm absolutely furious! The science fair is tomorrow, and now I'll have to stay up all night fixing his mess. I'm so mad I can barely think straight, and my stomach is tied in angry knots. When I find him, he's going to have a lot of explaining to do!
POV: 1st Person
Perspective: angry, upset, furious.
What is the authors purpose of this paragraph?
Social media has dramatically changed how teenagers communicate in the 21st century. These digital platforms, including Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat, allow users to instantly share photos, videos, and messages with friends around the world. On average, American teenagers spend approximately three hours per day on social media apps, using them to maintain friendships, share interests, and stay informed about current events. While these platforms offer new ways to connect, they also present challenges such as cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and digital footprints that can affect future opportunities. Studies show that 7575% of teens have at least one active social media account, and most begin using these platforms around age thirteen. Many schools now include digital citizenship lessons in their curriculum to help students navigate these online spaces responsibly.
Informative
What type of rhetorical appeal is being used?
Imagine walking into the local animal shelter and seeing dozens of hopeful eyes staring back at you through cold metal cage bars. Each lonely dog and cat has a heartbreaking story - like Max, the gentle golden retriever who waited by his former family's empty house for days after they moved away without him. Or Luna, the tiny kitten found shivering in the rain, desperately trying to keep her siblings warm. These frightened, abandoned animals spend countless nights curled up alone, longing for the warmth of a loving home. Every day, they watch families walk past their cages, hoping to be chosen, only to be left behind again and again. The shelter is running out of space, and without more adoptions, many of these sweet, innocent pets may never experience the joy of belonging to a family. Just think how much happiness one of these grateful animals could bring to your home, and how many lives you could change by opening your heart to a shelter pet.
Pathos
What is the text structure of this paragraph??
While both dolphins and sharks are skilled ocean swimmers, these marine animals have striking differences and surprising similarities. Like sharks, dolphins are excellent hunters and can swim at impressive speeds through the water. However, unlike sharks who must keep moving to breathe, dolphins can rest one half of their brain at a time while swimming slowly. Another major difference is that dolphins are warm-blooded mammals who give birth to live young and nurse them, whereas sharks are cold-blooded fish who mostly lay eggs. Both creatures use their tails for powerful swimming, but dolphins have smooth skin while sharks have rough, sandpaper-like scales. Similarly, both animals are highly intelligent, but dolphins communicate through complex whistles and clicks, while sharks rely more on their keen sense of smell and special sensors to detect movement in the water.
Compare & Contrast
What type of figures of speech are being used below?
Example A: The old school building yawned and stretched its creaky doors open to welcome sleepy students inside.
Example B: Middle school is a roller coaster of emotions. Today, Sarah was a ray of sunshine, brightening everyone's mood with her smile. But her best friend Jake was a storm cloud, bringing his dark mood into class after failing his math test
Example A: Personification
Example B: Metaphor
What point of view is being used and what is the perspective?
Marcus stared at the empty seat next to him in band class, his heart heavy with sadness. His best friend Emma had moved away last weekend, and now her chair, where she used to play her flute, sat cold and vacant. He picked up his trumpet, but the shiny brass instrument didn't bring him the same joy it used to when Emma was there to practice duets. Their favorite song sat untouched on the music stand, and tears welled up in his eyes as he remembered their last performance together. The band teacher noticed his slumped shoulders and gave him a sympathetic smile, but it didn't help ease the loneliness he felt. During lunch, he walked past their usual meeting spot under the oak tree, where fallen leaves now collected in the space where Emma used to spread out their shared picnic blanket. Marcus pulled out his phone, hoping to see a message from her, but his screen remained empty, just like the space in his heart where his friend used to be.
POV: 3rd Person
Perspective: Sad, Sorrowful, lonely
What is the authors purpose of these paragraph?
Example A: The day my science project went hilariously wrong started like any other Monday. I had spent weeks preparing my "Amazing Growing Crystal" demonstration for the school science fair, but what happened next was definitely not in my research notes. As I carefully mixed the special solution in front of my classmates, my crystal didn't just grow—it exploded into a mountain of purple foam that looked like a grape-flavored volcano! The foam bubbled over the table, chased my teacher across the room, and somehow managed to turn Principal Johnson's new tie into a tie-dyed masterpiece. Even my pet hamster, who I'd brought for a completely different experiment, decided to join the chaos by rolling across the floor in his ball, leaving purple paw prints everywhere. By the time the foam finally stopped growing, the science lab looked like it had been visited by a mischievous purple monster. The good news? I got an A+ for "most memorable presentation" and became the first student in history to accidentally dye the entire first row of the audience purple for a week!
Example B: The water cycle is a continuous natural process that explains how water moves around our planet. Imagine the cycle as a never-ending loop that begins when the sun heats up water in oceans, lakes, and rivers. This heat causes liquid water to transform into water vapor through a process called evaporation. As the warm vapor rises into the cooler atmosphere, it cools down and condenses into tiny water droplets, forming clouds. When these droplets become too heavy, they fall back to Earth as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or hail. Some of this water soaks into the ground through infiltration, where it collects in underground aquifers or feeds plants through their root systems. The rest flows across the land as runoff, eventually returning to larger bodies of water, and the cycle begins again.
Example A: Entertaining
Example B: Explain
What type of rhetorical appeal is being used?
Schools should implement a four-day school week because research proves it would benefit both students and the district financially. Studies show that districts operating on four-day weeks save an average of 2020% on transportation costs and 2323% on utility expenses annually. According to a 2022 education report, schools using this schedule reduced their overall operating costs by $75,000$75,000 per year. Student performance data indicates that test scores either maintained or improved in 8585% of schools that switched to four-day weeks, likely because students had more time for homework completion and rest. Additionally, teacher attendance improved by 3030%, resulting in fewer substitute teacher costs. The extra day off would save each student approximately 180180 hours of commuting time per year, reducing the district's carbon footprint by an estimated 1212 tons of CO₂ emissions annually. Furthermore, participating schools reported a 1515% decrease in student absences, leading to increased educational funding based on attendance rates.
Logos
What is the text structure of these paragraphs?
Example A: One sunny morning, Sarah woke up determined to make her grandmother's famous chocolate chip cookies. First, she gathered all the ingredients from the pantry and refrigerator, including flour, sugar, butter, and chocolate chips. Next, she carefully measured each ingredient according to the recipe card and mixed the dry ingredients in one bowl and the wet ingredients in another. After combining both mixtures, she folded in the chocolate chips until they were evenly distributed throughout the dough. Then, she rolled small balls of dough and placed them on a greased cookie sheet. Finally, she baked the cookies at 350 degrees for exactly twelve minutes until they were golden brown. The delicious aroma of freshly baked cookies filled the entire house, making Sarah smile with satisfaction at her successful baking adventure.
Example B: The history of basketball has evolved dramatically since its invention in 1891. Dr. James Naismith created the game at a YMCA in Massachusetts using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. In 1893, the first basketball game was played with nine players on each team. By 1896, colleges began adopting the sport, and the first professional league formed in 1937. The NBA was established in 1949, initially with just 17 teams. During the 1960s, stars like Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain revolutionized the game with their dominant play. The 1980s and 1990s saw the rise of legends like Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and Michael Jordan, who helped basketball gain global popularity. Today, the sport has become one of the most watched and played games worldwide, with advanced techniques, strategic plays, and athletes who continue to push the boundaries of what's possible on the court.
Example A: Sequence
Example B: Chronological
What type of figures of speech are being used below?
Example A: The class field trip was turning into an Odyssey, with one adventure after another. Jenny, who was usually quiet as a mouse, became a real Wonder Woman when she helped organize everyone.
Example B: In the cafeteria, drinks went SLURP and chips went CRUNCH as students enjoyed their lunch. Outside, the rain went PITTER-PATTER on the windows while thunder BOOMED in the distance.
Example A: Allusion
Example B: Onomatopoeia