Figurative Language
What is figurative language?
Words or phrases that are meaningful but not literally true
What are the three types of irony?
Verbal, Situational, & Dramatic
"If you don't buy these shoes now, you won't be cool because all of the cool kids have these."
Ad populum/bandwagon
A brief explanation added to an article, cartoon, illustration, photograph, or graphic.
Caption
Which central idea does the following evidence support.
"Jones twisted his English-speaking tongue and contorted his mouth. Johnston and Jones broke into laughter at the resulting sound, which did not resemble the Navajo word.
Suddenly convinced of the possibilities of the complex language, Colonel Jones asked Johnston to arrange a meeting with some Navajo. . ." (paragraphs 3-4)
a. The Navajo language is extremely difficult to learn
b. Both
c. There was a need to send covert messages during WWII.
B
Just as the stars light up the sky, you light up my world!
Simile
Telling someone who did a stupid thing "Wow you’re such genius!"
Verbal Irony
Senator Lewis says that we should not fund the missile attack program. I disagree. I don't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.
Strawman
The title of a section of text that introduces its topic.
Heading
How does the author use a photograph to support the reader's understanding of information in the passage? (R.2.1)
a. The image provides background on how the Navajo communicated.
b. The image provides context for the Navajo code talkers within the war.
c. The image provides context for the code the Navajo used to name individuals.
C
I'm so hungry I could eat a whole cow!
Hyperbole
The irony of something happening that is very different to what was expected
Situational Irony
Even though winter hasn't even started yet, I can just tell it is going to be a great winter.
Hasty generalization
Facts, events, or details are presented in the order in which they occurred in time.
Chronological
Read excerpt from Paragraph 7.
The Navajo language contained no words for the horrors of war. Bomber, battleship, grenade—all were terms foreign to the Navajo. But in making their code, the Navajo soldiers rooted it, like their lives, in nature. They named military planes after birds. Gini, Navajo for “chicken hawk,” became “dive bomber.” Neasjah, meaning “owl,” meant “observation plane.” They named ships after fish. Lotso, meaning “whale,” was the code word for “battleship,” and beshlo—“iron fish”—meant “submarine.” (Paragraph 7)
How does the author’s use of the phrases “contained no words for the horrors of war” and “Bomber, battleship, grenade—all were terms foreign” achieve his purpose in this paragraph?
a. It demonstrates why the Navajo preferred to use animal names to build their code for new words.
b. It demonstrates the skill with which the Navajo were able to establish an unbreakable code language.
c. It implies the distinct difference between the Navajo lifestyle and the task they were asked to complete.
C
The chair flew across the room
Personification
In Macbeth, King Duncan says that he trusts Macbeth ("he was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust), but the audience knows that Macbeth is plotting to kill Duncan.
Dramatic Irony
I shouldn't have to pay my speeding ticket. There are so many worse crimes than speeding. Police officers should chase dangerous murderers instead.
Red Herring
Information reflects a causal relationship. The description of what happened and why it happened.
Cause and effect
The authors of “Birth of the Idea” and “Human Code Machines” both discuss the nature of the Navajo language. How do the two authors address the topic similarly? (R.3.3)
a. Both articles describe the simple beauty of the Navajo language.
b. Both articles explain how complex and difficult to learn the Navajo language is.
c. Both articles prove that the language was successful because only a few people are able to speak it.
B
To me, his smile is like kryptonite. I find myself ready to fall over and weak in the knees.
Simile and Allusion
In Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, we know that the old woman bringing the apple is the wicked queen who wants to kill Snow White, but she does not. She purchases the apple, takes a bite, and falls.
Dramatic Irony
William Larson grew up in poverty. Therefore, he will make a fine President of the United States.
Non-sequitur
Information is presented in sections that begin with a central idea followed by an elaboration of the features, characteristics or examples.
Description
How does “Birth of the Idea” address the topic of lack of war terms in the Navajo language differently than “Human Code Machines”?
a. In “Birth of the Idea” the author mentions the lack of war terms as a barrier to be overcome while the author of “Human Code Machines” explains how the Navajo used their language to create new words and codes for necessary war terms.
b. In “Birth of the Idea” the author describes how the Navajo created code names for important people using their language while in “Human Code Machines” the author describes the subtle differences in pronunciation used in the language.
c. In “Birth of the Idea” the author explains how quickly the Navajo were able to create new words for the code while in “Human Code Machines” the author explains how the Navajo adapted codes the Marines already had to be able to transmit the messages.
A