Synthesis
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?
The cytoplasm
Where does fatty acid degradation take place?
The mitochondria
What does ATGL stand for?
What does ATGL do?
What happens when someone cannot use it?
ATGL: Adipose Triglyceride Lipase
ATGL initiates the movement of triacylglycerols
If someone cannot use it: (Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome) Fats accumulate throughout the body
Adipose tissue
What are the 5 stages of fatty acid synthesis?
1. Activation 2. Condensation
3. Reduction 4. Dehydration
5. Reduction
What are the four stages of fatty acid degradation?
1. Oxidation 2. Hydration
3. Oxidation 4. Cleavage (Thiolysis)
Diabetes:
In the absence of insulin, what does the body do with fatty acids?
What does the liver do specifically? Why/How can this be dangerous?
The liver releases large amounts of ketone bodies. This can be dangerous because ketone bodies are acids and therefore can change the pH of the blood (diabetic ketosis).
What is another name for fatty acid degradation?
Beta-oxidation
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What hormone(s) stimulate fatty acid synthesis?
What hormone(s) inhibit fatty acid synthesis?
Insulin stimulates.
Glucagon and Epinephrine inhibit.
What is the goal of fatty acid degradation?
To release high-energy electrons to power oxidative phosphorylation
(release energy)
What parts of the body would be the greatest affected if someone had a caritine deficiency? (3)
Muscle, heart, and kidneys
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What is albumin?
What is it used for?
Albumin is a protein in the blood.
It delivers fatty acids to tissues in need of fuel.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What is step is called "the committed step" in fatty acid synthesis?
What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
Step: The formation of malonyl CoA
Enzyme: Acetyl CoA carboxylase 1
What enzymes are necessary?
In odd numbered polyunsaturated fats:
In even numbered polyunsaturated fats:
Odd #: Isomerase (cisΔ3 -enoyl CoA isomerase)
Even #: Isomerase & Reductase (cisΔ3 -enoyl CoA isomerase and dienoyl CoA reductase)
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB):
Where is GHB naturally found in the body?
How is this now used recreationally due to its ability to release growth hormone?
GHB is found in small amounts in the brain.
Used by body builders.
What is the key regulator of fatty acid metabolism?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
What are eicosanoids?
Hormones derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
What is a major difference between the ability of movement of ketone bodies compared to fatty acids?
Ketone bodies are water-soluble = easily transportable
Fatty acids: hydrophobic
How do ketogenic diets work?
The body is forced into starvation mode and begins to use fats and ketone bodies as the main source of fuel.
Enzymes grouped together in a super complex has the advantages of...? (there are 2)
1. rapid movement of substrates
2. high energy electrons produced can easily access the nearby ETC