Near East Early Neolithic
The presence of extensive sickle sheen on microblades found at Natufian sites indicate this.
What is the harvesting cereal grains?
This innovation contributed to the formation of Mesopotamian civilizations by improving agricultural productivity and requiring organization which helped to develop early systems of government in the region
What is irrigation?
This term is used by archaeologist for architecture that is big, but buildings can be big in more than one way, for buildings which are intended to make people feel small and force them to look up
What is Monumental?
Oetzi's ax was made of this, meaning he was likely from an earlier time period than previously thought
What is copper
While the Harappan civilization does not have great archaeological evidence of the celebration of elites this nearby civilization did through depictions, written records, and elaborate burials.
What is Sumer/Mesopotamia?
People in some parts of the world harvested seeds with seed beaters; in other parts of the world they used this tool which disproportionately select seeds with a sturdy rachis, making it easier for people to control plant reproduction.
What is a sickle?
Re-examination of the human remains of people who were sacrificed at this burial site reveal that the individuals were not willing sacrifices
What is the Royal Cemetery of Ur
Around 2000 BCE factors such as middlemen from the west gradually taking control of trade networks with Mesopotamia, reversion of public architecture to poorly built homes and shops, increasing size and sophistication of fortifications, and bodies and sewage were left in streets, despite continued occupation indicates central control broke down in this civilization.
What is Harappan?
This began by accident when potters fired painted pieces at extremely high temperatures
What is Metallurgy?
in ancient Mesopotamia early trade interactions sometimes included tokens put into a container called this then stamped before being sent off.
What is a bulla?
At Abu Hureyra between the Natufian and the Middle Neolithic archaeologist were able to infer there was very little to no change in women’s work of spending large amounts of time and effort grinding seeds by studying these?
What are Skeletons/Burials?
Villages developed outside city walls as a consequence of greater political stability after this ruled conquered Sumer
Who is Sargon of Akkad?
archaeologists re-analyzing Oetzi’s body suggest his 60+ tattoos might represent this based on the fact that some are located above joints showing signs of advanced arthritis, a painful place to tattoo
What is medical treatment?
This site in northern Germany documents large-scale fighting among groups who included people from fairly distant parts of Europe at about 1200 BCE, telling us about the breakdowns in economic networks and forces like environmental change to the south of the site which had impacts throughout the continent.
What is Tollense?
The earliest European farmers show worse health than earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, but the health of later Neolithic farmers improved when they began consuming these kinds of products
What is dairy?
Wild wheat and rye are found in the archaeological record at this Late Natufian site despite the environment becoming too dry to support their growth, indicating evidence of early cultivation of wild plants.
What is Abu Hureyra?
A change from household control over economic transactions to temple and palace control was seen in settlements during this Mesopotamian period
What is Ubaid ?
By the end of the Neolithic, people in much of Europe made tools and other objects from metal as well as from other materials like stone, archaeological evidence from burials suggests metal was also important for making these important symbols of peoples’ identities
What is jewelry/ornaments?
archaeological evidence from the burials at this site from 4500 BCE tells us about changes in social life through a small number of older men who were buried with high status items.
What is Varna?
Early Neolithic people built large, circular structures at this to store large amounts of grain which tell us early communities stored food in public, suggesting collective efforts to harvest
What is Dhra?
Harvested seeds changed over time from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Early Neolithic in the Near East from small seeds of many different plants to this.
Larger seeds from fewer different plants
When this Ubaid site was founded, people built a small temple building with two raised platforms, one in the center and one attached to a wall which over time became larger and more and more elevated above the city
What is Eirdu?
This settlement in southeastern Anatolia was one of the first examples to show how Early Neolithic communities were tied together to regional social networks.
What is Gobekli Tepe?
In northern Europe, in-migrating farmers of this cultural group and indigenous European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers had relations which varied from intermarriage and integration to long-term trade to warfare in different parts of Europe
What is LBK ( Linear Pottery culture )
Archaeological evidence suggesting simplification of society, including changes in elite organization, resulting from an inability to cope with external shocks (like drought) or increasing costs of internal services refer to a pattern of dramatic change seen in complex societies in many times and places called this by archaeologists
What is collapse?