Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
Behaviors are driven by instincts (innate patterns)
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards or avoidance of punishment.
Amygdala
Fear, aggression
What is happiness?
A positive outlook or reaction to something
Drive-Reduction Theory
We act to reduce internal tension (homeostasis)
Biological (Physiological) Motivation
Motivation based on biological needs essential for survival.
Prefrontal Cortex
Decision making, emotion regulation
What is stress?
a state of physical and emotional tension experienced in response to a perceived threat or challenge
Incentive Theory
External rewards or punishments influence behavior
Social Motivation
Motivation driven by social needs like acceptance, achievement, and affiliation.
Polygraph
Measures arousal
What is anger?
an emotion, a basic human feeling, characterized by antagonism or displeasure, often directed towards someone or something perceived as causing harm or injustice
Arousal Theory
We seek optimal levels of arousal
Approach Motivation
Motivation to move toward a positive goal or reward.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial movement influences emotional experience
What is sadness?
a natural human emotion characterized by feelings of unhappiness and a low mood, often experienced in response to perceived loss or upsetting events
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid of human needs, from basic to self-fulfillment
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic (arousing), parasympathetic (calming)
Ekman’s Universal Emotions
Happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise
a state of sadness, often without a clear cause, that can be both a temporary mood and a symptom of a more serious disorder like depression