Inca
Who are the Inca? what did they refer themselves as?
The People of the Sun
Tahuantisuyu
What does maya mean? and what were the three periods of Maya Civilization?
People of Maiz
Pre Classic, Classic, Post Classic
What is the real name of the Aztec?
What language did they speak?
Where did the Mexica migrate from? Who led the migration?
What sign were the Mexica looking for? Who gave them the sign and in what form did he manifest himself? Where did they find it?
What does Tenochtitlán mean?
Mexica.
They spoke Nahuatl.
They migrated from Aztlán. They were led by Huitzilopochtli through his priests.
The Mexica were looking for an eagle perched on a cactus, devouring a snake. Huitzilopochtli gave them this sign. They found it on Lake Texcoco, where they built Tenochtitlán.
"Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus"
What tribe were the Tainos Part of?
They were the principal inhabitants of what 5 countries?
The Arawakan tribe.
Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and The Bahamas.
UER's full name,
Founding Date of UER,
Colors of UER,
and UER's Font
La Union Estudiantil de la Raza
October 6, 1992
White, Black, Red
Old Gregorian English
What are the crops of the Inca? what is their sacred animals? and what did they use it for?
a. Maiz , Beans , Potatoes , Chiles
b. Llama
c. Helped carry food and water
List their achievements.
What mathematical achievements did they have? What was their counting system like?
What were their main crops?
Sacred stone? Tree?
Art, Architecture, Astronomy, Writing system (logograms), and Mathematics
Concept of Zero. Vigesimal, base 20 (Jose)
Corn, beans, squash, and peppers.
Jade, Ceiba
Name the five suns, include the following:
Which god governed it
The years it lasted
How it came to an end
1st Sun (Nahui-Ocelotl, "Four Jaguar")
Governed by Tezcatlipoca
Lasted 676 years
Ended by jaguars eating humans
2nd Sun (Nahui-Ehécatl, "Four Wind")
Governed by Quetzalcoatl
Lasted 364 years
Ended by hurricanes, people turned into monkeys
3rd Sun (Nahui-Quiahuitl, "Four Rain")
Governed by Tlaloc
Lasted 312 years
Ended by fire rain
4th Sun (Nahui-Atl, "Four Water")
Governed by Chalchiuhtlicue
Lasted 676 years
Ended by flood, people turned into fish
5th Sun (Nahui-Ollin, "Four Movement")
Governed by Tonatiuh
It is yet to come, but some traditions call it Nahui-Xochitl ("Four Flower").
Predicted to end by earthquakes and darkness
What were the names of the three groups the Tainos were part of?
What are the names of each country in the Taino language?
A cacique was a chief or leader of a Taíno community.
the Taíno name for the island of Hispaniola, meaning "Land of High Mountains."
Classic Taíno (Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles)
Western Taíno (Cuba, Jamaica, and The Bahamas)
Eastern Taíno (Puerto Rico and Hispaniola)
Puerto Rico – Borikén
Cuba – Caobana
Hispaniola – Ayiti / Quisqueya
Jamaica – Xaymaca
The Bahamas – Guanahani
The Founding Fathers
Prime Minister: Alejandro Alvarez
Minister: Manuel Perez
Minister of Documentation: Juan Cabral
Sergeant at Arms: Miguel Angel Ruvalcaba
Minister of Rush and Recruitment: Jeff Aldaz
Minister of Finance: Leo Barrera
Treasurer: Carlos Ascencio
Minister of Public Relations: Michael Garcia
Minister of Community Affairs: Emilio Ramirez
Minister of Orgs and Activities: Brigham Vargas
Who is Inca Roca? He was the first to focus on? He also established a building known as? What are the achievements of the Inca?
First known as Inca, has title of Sapa Inca
Achievements:
Advance technology, built large structures, constructed suspension bridges, and roads
Able to perform surgeries
Accurate standards of measurements for length and weight
List the four cardinal points along with corresponding color and meaning.
North – Sun of Life - White
South – Battle with the Gods - Yellow
East – Rising Sun – Red
West – Dying Sun - Black
What city-states comprised the Triple Alliance? What date did the Europeans arrive at Tenochtitlan? What date was Noche Triste? What date was the fall of the Mexica empire? What date was the last tlatohani executed and why?
Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, Tlacopan.
Europeans Arrived at Tenochtitlán: November 8, 1519
Noche Triste (Sad Night): June 30, 1520
Fall of the Mexica Empire: August 13, 1521
Last Tlatoani Executed: February 28, 1525 – Cuauhtémoc was executed by Hernán Cortés under suspicion of plotting a rebellion.
Crops, list them
What did the Tainos use to grow their crops?
List achievements of the Tainos
Cassava, maize (corn), potatoes, beans, squash, peanuts.
Conucos – Raised mound gardens to prevent soil erosion and improve drainage.
Musical Instruments: Maraca, Cassava Bread. Hammock, Hammocks, Straw huts. Bohio. Universal Arawakan language, Ceremonial ball parks
The Motto
Knowledge, Unity, Brotherhood, Raza!
Through knowledge one gains Unity.
Through Unity, one can achieve brotherhood.
Through brotherhood, we are all Raza!
What are the Laws of the Land?
Ama llulla - don't lie
Ama Suya - don't steal
Ama quella - don't be lazy
Ayni - reciprocate (I scratch your back, you scratch mine)
What is the Popol Vuh? How many attempts were there to human creation? What were they?
It is a book written by conquered Mayas that tells the Creation story of the Maya
Mud – ugly, speak nonsense, cannot multiply.
Wood – they have no blood, no sweat, “had nothing on their mind”, had no facial emotions.
Monkeys – wooden people turned into monkeys by Hu.
Maiz – according to the Mayas we come from Maiz.
What are the four months so far in UER cycle based on the months and what do they mean?
Atlacahualo (At-la-cawalo)
Means Ceasing of water
Represented by Tlaloc and Chalchiuhtlicue (chal-cheet-leekwe)
Children were sacrificed to water gods
Tlacaxipehualiztli (Tlaka-sheep-eh-wall-eetz-li)
Represented by the flaying of men
Represented by Xipe Totec (Sheep-eh-toh-tek)
Warrior sacrifice; pances by priest wearing the flayed skins of sacrificed
Tozoztontli (Toh-sos-tont-lee)
Little Vigil
Represented by Coatlicue (Serpent God) and Tlaloc (God of Pains and Storms)
Flayed skins were buried; children were still sacrificed, bird sacrifices
Huey Tozoztli (Hoo-ay Toh-zoz-t-lee)
Great Vigil
Festivals dedicated to the god Tlaloc
Prayers meant to bring maize crop yield, sacrifice children
There are more months but this is as far as the cycles of UER are currently at.
What were the three social classes, and what did they consist of?
What did Christopher Columbus make the Taino give as tribute?
What did Columbus do to the natives that didn't fulfill his tribute request?
Who were the enemies of the Tainos, and what of their characteristics?
Caciques – Chiefs / leaders
Nitainos – Nobles and warriors
Naborias – Commoners and laborers
Gold and Cotton
Chopped off their hands or enslaved them.
The Caribs
Known for raiding Taíno villages
Practiced warfare and cannibalism
Fierce warriors from the Lesser Antilles
The purpose
To provide a sense of brotherhood and unity through Honor, Integrity, and Perseverance with an emphasis in the Latino, Hispano, Chicano, Mexicano, Central and South American, and Indigenous cultures. By offering opportunities in academic achievement, promoting cultural awareness, and providing a social atmosphere with a comfortable environment.
What are the principal Deities?
Inti - Sun god
Mama Killa - the Moon goddess
Pachamama/ mamapacha - mother earth
Mama Qucha - Mother of the waters
Mama Nina - Mother of fire
Mama Waira- Mother of air/wind
Mama Sara - Mother of corn
what are their Gods and the Two Hero twins?
Hunab Ku - The supreme diety - the creator god.
Kukulkan – Feather serpent.
Huracan – Storm and flood god.
Cizin - Death god - (an ancient god of violence and sacrifice, such as decapitation).
Chac - Rain god…rain & lightning.
Itzamna - Aged god - priestly knowledge, divination, and writing.
Hun Hunahpu - Maize god - (one of the Hero twins).
Xbalanque - The other Hero Twin of the "Popol Vuh“.
Answer the following for each Deity
Nahual Name:
English meaning:
Color:
Day:
Direction:
Region:
(not all of them have this exact info, say what you know of each God)
Tezcatlipoca
Name: "Smoking Mirror"
Color: Black
Day: Ce Ocelotl (One Jaguar)
Direction: North
Region: Mictlan (Underworld)
Quetzalcoatl
Answer: Name: "Feathered Serpent"
Color: White
Day: Acatl (One Reed)
Direction: West
Region: Tlālōcān (Paradise)
God of wind, wisdom, creation
Xipe Totec
Answer: Name: "Our Flayed Lord"
Month: Tlacaxipehualiztli
Color: Red
Direction: East
Huitzilopochtli
Name: "Left-Handed Hummingbird"
Patron of the Mexica
God of war, sun, sacrifice
Color: Blue
Direction: South
Tlaloc: What is he the god of? What month is he associated with?
Answer: God of rain, fertility, storms Month: Atlacahualo
Chalchiuhtlicue: What does her name mean? What is she the goddess of?
Answer: Name: "Jade Skirt" Goddess of lakes, rivers, water
Mictlantecuhtli
Name: "Lord of the Underworld"
Dwells in Mictlan
Consort: Mictecacihuatl ("Lady of the Dead")
Zemis (Cemis)
Yúcahu – Supreme god of agriculture, cassava, and the sea
Atabey – Goddess of fresh water, fertility, and childbirth (mother of Yúcahu)
Guabancex – Goddess of storms and hurricanes
Boinayel – God of rain
Marohu – God of clear skies
Maquetaurie Guayaba – God of the afterlife
The 4 items in the Code of Arms.
Hands: Represents Unity among brothers.
Key: Symbolized unlocking the door to a brighter future.
Book: Getting educated by learning about our culture, ourselves, brothers, and the world.
Star: Represents the wonder of our wisdom in our bright future.