Brainstem
Subcortical nuclei
Cortex
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves
100
This midbrain syndrome, often caused by lesions compressing the quadrigeminal plate, is characterized by conjugate upgaze paresis and convergence-retraction nystagmus. What is it?
What is Parinaud syndrome?
100
The direct loop of the basal ganglia disinhibits thalamocortical projections, whereas the indirect loop inhibits them. Both loops involve this inhibitory projection from the globus pallidus interna. What is the neurotransmitter involved?
What is GABA?
100
These brain contusions occur away from the site of impact, often on the orbital surfaces of the frontal lobe, and are commonly seen following a fall on the occiput. What are these contusions called?
What are contrecoup contusions?
100
The deep and superficial branches of this nerve innervate the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus, respectively. What is the nerve?
What is the common peroneal nerve?
100
Baroreceptor input from the carotid sinus travels via this cranial nerve to the nucleus tractus solitarius to regulate blood pressure. What is the nerve?
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
200
A lesion in this auditory brainstem nucleus causes ipsilateral hearing loss, unlike other parts of the auditory pathway that receive bilateral input. What is it?
What is the cochlear nucleus?
200
This thalamic nucleus receives input from the contralateral spinal trigeminal nucleus, processing pain and temperature sensations from the face. What is it?
What is the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus?
200
Amelodic, affectless, and monotonic speech is characteristic of expressive aprosodia. Lesions in what brain region are commonly associated with this condition?
What is the right frontal lobe?
200
Damage to this nerve, often caused by jerking the arms overhead, results in scapular winging due to dysfunction of the serratus anterior muscle. What is the nerve?
What is the long thoracic nerve?
300
Occlusion of this artery causes ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss, contralateral hemibody anesthesia, and other brainstem signs associated with lateral medullary syndrome. What is the artery?
What is the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)?
300
This hypothalamic nucleus receives inputs from the retina to regulate circadian rhythms. What is it?
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
300
Brief seizures with rapid onset of asymmetric tonic posturing, commonly occurring during sleep, often arise from what cortical area?
What is the supplementary motor area (SMA)?
300
Sweat glands are innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers that release this neurotransmitter to stimulate M3 muscarinic receptors. What is the neurotransmitter?
What is acetylcholine?
300
Cranial nerves IX, X, and XI exit the skull through this foramen. What is it?
What is the jugular foramen?
400
This medullary nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate the striated muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynx, essential for phonation. What is it?
What is the nucleus ambiguus?
400
These lateral hypothalamic neurons, affected in narcolepsy, innervate brainstem cell groups involved in REM sleep control. What are they?
What are hypocretin/orexin neurons?
400
This nerve innervates the supraspinatus, responsible for the first 15 degrees of humeral abduction, and the infraspinatus, which externally rotates the arm. What is the nerve?
What is the suprascapular nerve?
500
This cerebellar pathway, responsible for modulating movement synergy, passes through the superior cerebellar peduncle. What is it called?
What is the dentatorubrothalamic tract?
500
This thalamic nucleus connects the prefrontal, olfactory, and limbic cortex with prefrontal cortical regions and is involved in multimodal attention and motivational drive. It is preferentially affected in fatal familial insomnia. What is this nucleus?
What is the dorsomedial (or mediodorsal) nucleus?
500
A lesion at the junction of the optic nerve and optic chiasm causes ipsilateral central vision loss and a contralateral temporal visual field defect. What is this condition called?
What is anterior chiasmal syndrome?