Global Trade Networks
What improvement in transportation helped expand global trade networks in the 18th century?
Better ships and navigation techniques
What branch of the military helped Britain protect its overseas trade?
The navy
What did Romanticism emphasize more than reason?
Emotion
Romantic writers often celebrated what type of individual?
The heroic or imaginative individual
What political movement did global trade and Enlightenment ideas help inspire?
Revolutions (American, French, Latin American)
Name one commodity that became central to global trade during this period.
Sugar, cotton, tea, coffee, tobacco, or porcelain
Britain’s early industrialization gave it dominance in which major industry?
Textiles
What Enlightenment value did Romantic thinkers argue ignored the spiritual and emotional side of humanity?
Rationality
What emotional or natural quality were Romantics obsessed with portraying in artworks?
The sublime
Romanticism encouraged what cultural force that later shaped European politics?
Nationalism
Which continents became increasingly interconnected through trade, creating worldwide interdependence?
Europe, Africa, and Asia
What type of government stability helped Britain encourage economic growth?
A constitutional monarchy with predictable laws
What type of landscapes did Romantic artists often use to critique industrialization?
Wild, dramatic, or untouched nature scenes
Which composer pioneered emotionally expressive music with wide dynamic contrasts?
Beethoven
Industrialization affected society by creating what new social class tensions?
Worker vs. factory owner (proletariat vs. bourgeoisie)
Which labor system heavily fueled the production of sugar and cotton in global markets?
The transatlantic slave trade
Which financial institutions helped Britain fund global trade and wars?
Banks, credit systems, and the London stock exchange
Romanticism reacted against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on what scientific approach?
Empiricism or rational analysis
What literary themes were common in Romantic novels and poetry?
Nationalism, nature, rebellion, supernatural themes, individuality
How did economic changes help fuel political conflict between European empires?
Competition for resources and markets increased imperial rivalries
How did the rise of early industrialization change the nature of global commodity production?
It increased demand for raw materials and expanded factory-based textile production.
What major rival did Britain consistently outcompete, especially in colonial and naval conflicts?
France
How did Romanticism challenge the Enlightenment’s view of human nature?
It argued humans were guided by imagination, feeling, and individuality—not purely logic
Romantic music moved away from strict classical structure toward what musical quality?
Emotional storytelling, expressive intensity, or programmatic music
How did Romantic critiques of industrialization influence later reform movements?
They inspired calls for improved working conditions, environmental protection, and social reforms